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Flies

Flies. ( EE , pp. 219-233). Phylogeny of Hexapoda from p. 52. Diptera. Diptera. Common name: Diptera (122,000 known world species (12.2%)) Derivation: Gk. di - two; pteron - a wing Size: Body length 0.5-60 mm; wing span up to 75 mm

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Flies

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  1. Flies • (EE, pp. 219-233)

  2. Phylogeny of Hexapoda from p. 52 Diptera

  3. Diptera Common name: Diptera (122,000 known world species (12.2%)) Derivation: Gk. di - two; pteron - a wing Size: Body length 0.5-60 mm; wing span up to 75 mm Metamorphosis: Complete (egg, larva, pupa, adult) Distribution: Worldwide Number of families: 130

  4. Key Features • abundant and ubiquitous • one pair of functional wings (although some wingless) • some species have immense economic impact through disease transmission • fourth largest order

  5. Flies are very successful (they are one of the dominant insect orders in most habitats) • beneficial to the function of ecosystems as • pollinators • parasites • predators • decomposition and recycling • relatively few species have a great impact on humans (e.g. mosquitoes) Giant stinky flowers (Raffleisa) attract flies - which act as pollinators Parasitic flowers that weigh more than a bowling ball!

  6. Wings are a key feature(flies are incredible acrobats - wing morphology is largely responsible) • single pair of membranous front wings • hind wings are reduced to form a pair of balancing organs called halteres (think of these as gyroscopes) • halteres are beat at the same frequency as wings, but out of phase they provide vital information to the flight system to keep the insect flying straight • hover • fly backwards • 360 degree turns • upside down flight and landing

  7. Fly mouthparts(designed for the ingestion of liquid foods) • adults feed on a range of liquids, including blood, nectar and the products of plant or animal decay • two basic types - biting/sucking and licking/sponging

  8. Mosquito mouthparts(only females suck blood and have fully developed mouthparts) • to penetrate the skin, stylet bundle is sawed through the tissue towards a blood vessel • to allow deep stylet penetration, the labium folds back on itself • Saliva is pumped down the hypopharynx and the blood meal is sucked back up the food canal

  9. House fly mouthparts(made up from fusion of the clypeus, maxillae and labium) • extended by the means of muscles and haemolymph pressure • paired labial palps, located at the end of the proboscis, form a sponge-like structure (the labellum) • saliva pumped down the hypopharynx onto the underside of the labellum - it is then drawn back up into the food canal psuedotracheae direct saliva across the food

  10. Fly eggs and larvae(most female flies lay eggs, which are laid in the vicinity of larval food) • eggs generally hatch quickly • fly larvae (or maggots as they are often called) are cylindrical and often elongate, grub-like or worm-like • they all lack thoracic legs Brachyceran larvae - 5-8 instars Nematoceran larvae - 4 instars

  11. Diptera Suborders(two suborders, with the derived group split into two divisions)

  12. Suborder Nematocera(the basal Diptera Suborder) • larvae have a well-defined head capsule (eucephalic) and the mandibles move in a horizontal plane • pupae not enclosed in larval cuticle

  13. Suborder Nematocera(the basal Diptera Suborder) • adults have thread-like antennae with at least 6 segments (usually a lot more) • maxillary palps are long

  14. Suborder Brachycera(Division Orthorrhapa) • larvae have a reduced head capsule (hemicephalic) and the mandible move in a vertical plane • pupae are not enclosed in their larval cuticle

  15. Suborder Brachycera(Division Orthorrhapa) • adults have short antennae, less than 6 segments - last segment is elongate or with bristle-like arista • maxillary palps are short

  16. Suborder Brachycera(Division Cyclorrhapa) • head capsule is vestigial, retractable (acephalic) and the mandibles are absent (replaced with specialized mouth hooks) • pupa enclosed in last larval cuticle (puparium) mouth hooks

  17. Suborder Brachycera(Division Cyclorrhapa) • adults have short antennae, less than 6 segments - the last segment is elongate or with bristle-like arista • maxillary palps are short tachinid fly fruit fly (tiphritid)

  18. Flies as parasitoids(20% of all fly species are parasitoids - usually other insects)

  19. Flies that eat human flesh(the larvae twist inside of flesh and drink up necrotic tissue) big-headed fly (pipunculid)

  20. hover fly (syrphid) robber fly (assilid) bee fly (bombyliid) mydas fly (mydid) robber fly (assilid) Flies practice mimicry(some flies try to look like wasps and bees) mydas fly (mydid)

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