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Chapter 14 Blood

Chapter 14 Blood. Functions transports vital substances maintains stability of interstitial fluid distributes heat. Blood Cells form mostly in red bone marrow red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments). 14-2. Blood Volume. varies with body size

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Chapter 14 Blood

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  1. Chapter 14Blood • Functions • transports vital substances • maintains stability of interstitial fluid • distributes heat • Blood Cells • form mostly in red bone marrow • red blood cells • white blood cells • platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

  2. Blood Volume • varies with • body size • changes in fluid concentration • changes in electrolyte concentration • amount of adipose tissue • about 8% of body weight • about 5 liters 14-3

  3. Blood Composition 14-4

  4. Origin of Blood Cells 14-5

  5. Red Blood Cells • erythrocytes • biconcave • one-third hemoglobin • oxyhemoglobin • deoxyhemoglobin • can readily squeeze through capillaries • lack nuclei and mitochondria 14-6

  6. Red Blood Cell Count • number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood • 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males • 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females • 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children • reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity 14-7

  7. Red Blood Cell Production • low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production • vitamin B12, folic acid and iron necessary 14-8

  8. Life Cycle of Red Blood Cell • circulate for about 120 days • macrophages in spleen and liver destroy worn out RBCs • hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin • iron return to red bone marrow • bilirubin and biliverdin excreted in bile 14-9

  9. White Blood Cells • leukocytes • protect against disease • interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development • granulocytes • neutrophils • eosinophils • basophils • agranulocytes • lymphocytes • monocytes 14-12

  10. Neutrophils • light blue granules in acid-base stain • lobed nucleus • other names • segs • polymorphonuclear leukocyte • bands (young neutrophils) • first to arrive at infections • phagocytic • 54% - 62% of leukocyte • elevated in bacterial infections 14-13

  11. Basophils • deep blue granules is basic stain • release histamine • release heparin • less than 1% of leukocytes 14-14

  12. Eosinophils • deep red granules in acid stain • bilobed nucleus • moderate allergic reactions • defend against parasitic worm infestations • 1% - 3% of leukocytes • elevated in worm infestations and allergic reactions 14-15

  13. Monocytes • largest blood cell • kidney-shaped or oval nuclei • leave bloodstream to become macrophages • 3% - 9% of leukocytes • elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis 14-16

  14. Lymphocytes • about the size of RBC • large spherical nuclei • thin rims of cytoplasm • T cells • B cells • important in immunity • produce antibodies • 25% - 33% of leukocytes • decreased T Cells in AIDS 14-17

  15. Diapadesis • leukocytes squeeze through capillary walls to enter tissue space outside the blood vessel 14-18

  16. White Blood Cell Counts • number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood • 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic millimeter of blood • leukopenia • low WBC count • typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS • leukocytosis • high WBC count • acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids • differential WBC count • lists percentages of types of leukocytes • may change in particular diseases 14-19

  17. Blood Platelets • thrombocytes • cell fragments of megakaryocytes • 130,000 – 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood • helps control blood loss from broken vessels 14-20

  18. Blood Clots • After forming, blood clot retracts and pulls the edges of a broken vessel together • Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessels • Plasmin digests blood clots • thrombus – abnormal blood clot • embolus – blood clot moving through blood 14-31

  19. Blood Plasma • straw colored • liquid portion of blood • 55% of blood 14-21

  20. Plasma Proteins • Albumins • most numerous plasma proteins • originate in liver • help maintain osmotic pressure of blood • Alpha and Beta Globulins • originate in liver • transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins • Gamma Globulins • originate in lymphatic tissues • constitute the antibodies of immunity • Fibrinogen • originate in liver • plays key role in blood coagulation 14-22

  21. Gases and Nutrients • Nutrients • amino acids • simple sugars • nucleotides • lipids • lipoproteins • Gases • oxygen • carbon dioxide • nitrogen 14-23

  22. ABO Blood Group 14-33

  23. Agglutination 14-34

  24. Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for Transfusion 14-35

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