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Chapter 14: Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation

Chapter 14: Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation. Overview. Key Terms. aorta endothelium vasomotor arteriole pulse vein artery sinusoid vena cava baroreceptor sphygmomanometer vasodilation capillary valve venule compliance vasoconstriction elasticity venous sinus . The Vascular System.

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Chapter 14: Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation

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  1. Chapter 14:Blood Vessels andBlood Circulation

  2. Overview

  3. Key Terms aorta endothelium vasomotor arteriole pulse vein artery sinusoid vena cava baroreceptor sphygmomanometer vasodilation capillary valve venule compliance vasoconstriction elasticity venous sinus

  4. The Vascular System • A closed system of vessels that transports blood to and from the lungs and body tissues

  5. Figure 14-1 The cardiovascular system. Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? Which carry blood toward the heart?

  6. Learning Outcomes Differentiate among the five types of blood vessels with regard to structure and function. Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits relative to location and function. Overview of Blood Vessels

  7. Overview of Blood Vessels Blood Vessel Types • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Venules • Veins

  8. Figure 14-2 Sections of small blood vessels. Which vessels have valves that control blood flow?

  9. Overview of Blood Vessels Blood Circuits • The pulmonary circuit • Pulmonary artery and its branches • Capillaries in lungs • Pulmonary veins • The systemic circuit • Aorta • Systemic capillaries • Systemic veins

  10. Figure 14-1 The cardiovascular system. Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? Which carry blood toward the heart?

  11. Overview of Blood Vessels Vessel Structure • Three tunics (coats) of arteries and veins • Inner (endothelium) • Middle (smooth [voluntary] muscle) • Controlled by autonomic nervous system • Thinner in veins • Outer (supporting connective tissue)

  12. Figure 14-3 Cross section of an artery and vein. Which type of vessel shown has a thicker wall?

  13. ✓ Overview of Blood Vessels Checkpoints 14-1What are the five types of blood vessels? 14-2 What are the two blood circuits and what areasdoes each serve? 14-3 What type of tissue makes up the middle tunic of arteries and veins, and how is this tissue controlled? 14-4 How many cell layers make up the wall of a capillary?

  14. Learning Outcomes Name the four sections of the aorta and list the main branches of each section. Trace the pathway of blood through the main arteries of the upper and lower limbs. Define anastomosis, cite its function, and give several examples. Systemic Arteries

  15. Systemic Arteries The Aorta • Largest artery • Receives blood from left ventricle • Branches to all organs Parts of the Aorta • Ascending aorta • Aortic arch • Thoracic aorta • Abdominal aorta

  16. Systemic Arteries Branches of the Ascending Aorta and Aortic Arch • Ascending aorta • Left and right coronary arteries • Aortic arch • Brachiocephalic artery • Right subclavian artery • Right common carotid artery • Left common carotid artery • Left subclavian artery

  17. Systemic Arteries Branches of the Thoracic Aorta • Branches to chest wall, esophagus, and bronchi • Intercostal arteries

  18. Systemic Arteries Branches of the Abdominal Aorta • Celiac trunk • Left gastric artery • Splenic artery • Hepatic artery • Superior mesenteric artery • Inferior mesenteric artery

  19. Systemic Arteries Branches of the Abdominal Aorta (continued) • Paired lateral branches • Phrenic arteries • Suprarenal arteries • Renal arteries • Ovarian and testicular arteries • Lumbar arteries

  20. Figure 14-4 The aorta and its branches. Howmany brachiocephalic arteries are there?

  21. Systemic Arteries Arteries to the Pelvis and Leg • Internal iliac arteries • External iliac arteries • Femoral artery • Popliteal artery • Tibial arteries • Dorsalis pedis

  22. Systemic Arteries Arteries That Branch to the Arm and Head • External carotid artery • Internal carotid artery • Subclavian artery • Vertebral artery • Axillary artery • Brachial artery • Radial artery • Ulnar artery

  23. Figure 14-5 Principal systemic arteries. What large vessels branch from the terminal aorta?

  24. Systemic Arteries Anastomoses • A communication between two vessels • Examples • Circle of Willis • Superficial palmar arch • Mesenteric arches • Arterial arches

  25. Figure 14-6 Arteries that supply the brain.

  26. ✓ Systemic Arteries Checkpoints 14-5What are the subdivisions of the aorta, the largest artery? 14-6 What are the three branches of the aortic arch? 14-7 What areas are supplied by the brachiocephalic artery? 14-8 What is an anastomosis?

  27. Learning Outcomes Compare superficial and deep veins and give examples of each type. Name the main vessels that drain into the superior and inferior venae cavae. Define venous sinus and give several examples of venous sinuses. Describe the structure and function of the hepatic portal system. Systemic Veins

  28. Systemic Veins • Superficial veins • Cephalic, basilic, median cubital veins • Saphenous veins • Deep veins • Femoral and iliac vessels • Brachial, axillary, subclavian vessels • Jugular veins • Brachiocephalic vein

  29. Systemic Veins The Venae Cavae and Their Tributaries • Superior vena cava • Head, neck, upper extremities • Azygos vein • Chest wall • Inferior vena cava • Right, left veins from paired parts, organs • Unpaired veins from spleen, digestive tract

  30. Figure 14-7 Principal systemic veins. How many brachiocephalic veins are there?

  31. Systemic veins Venous Sinuses • Coronary sinus • Cranial venous sinuses • Cavernous sinuses • Petrosal sinuses • Superior sagittal sinus • Confluence of sinuses • Transverse sinuses (lateral sinuses)

  32. Systemic Veins The Hepatic Portal System • Carries blood from abdominal organs to liver • Superior mesenteric vein • Splenic vein • Gastric, pancreatic, inferior mesenteric veins • Sinusoids

  33. Figure 14-8 Hepatic portal system. What vessel do the hepatic veins drain into?

  34. ✓ Systemic Veins Checkpoints 14-9What is the difference between superficial and deep veins? 14-10 What two large veins drain the systemic bloodvessels and empty into the right atrium? 14-11 What is a venous sinus? 14-12 The hepatic portal system takes blood from theabdominal organs to which organ?

  35. Learning Outcomes Explain the forces that affect exchange across the capillary wall. Describe the factors that regulate blood flow. Define pulse and list factors that affect pulse rate. Circulation Physiology

  36. Circulation Physiology • Blood exchanges oxygen, carbon dioxide, other substances generated by cells • Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) is exchange medium

  37. Circulation Physiology Capillary Exchange • How substances move between cells and capillary blood • Diffusion • Main process • Blood pressure • Moves material into tissue fluid • Osmotic pressure • Moves material into capillaries

  38. Figure 14-9 The role of capillaries.

  39. Circulation Physiology The Dynamics of Blood Flow • Vasomotor center in medulla regulates vasomotor activities • Vasodilation • Vasoconstriction • Precapillary sphincter

  40. Circulation Physiology Return of Blood to the Heart • Mechanisms that promote blood’s return to heart • Contraction of skeletal muscles • Valves • Breathing

  41. Figure 14-10 Blood return. Which of the two valves shown is closer to the heart?

  42. ✓ Circulation Physiology Checkpoints 14-13What force helps to push materials out of acapillary? What force helps to draw materials into a capillary? 14-14 Name the two types of vasomotor changes. 14-15 Where are vasomotor activities regulated?

  43. Circulation Physiology The Pulse • Ventricular contraction • Wave of increased pressure • Begins at heart and travels to arteries

  44. Circulation Physiology The Pulse (continued) • Influenced by various factors • Body size • Gender • Age • Muscular activity • Emotion • Body temperature • Thyroid secretion

  45. Learning Outcomes List the factors that affect blood pressure. Explain how blood pressure is commonly measured. Circulation Physiology

  46. Circulation Physiology Blood Pressure • Force exerted by blood against vessel walls • Determined by • Cardiac output • Blood vessel resistance to blood flow

  47. Figure 14-11 Blood pressure. In which vessels does the pulse pressure drop to zero?

  48. Cardiac Output • Volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute • Heart rate • Beats per minute • Stroke volume • Controlled by force of contractions

  49. Circulation Physiology Resistance to Blood Flow • Peripheral resistance is affected by • Vasomotor changes • Baroreceptors in large arteries • Elasticity of blood vessels • Viscosity • Total blood volume

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