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DEPENDENCIES AND ADDICTIONS

DEPENDENCIES AND ADDICTIONS. Types of Dependencies. A. Normal B. Abnormal Habit disorders (e.g., eating) Addictions (e.g., alcoholism). Developmental Course of Normal Dependence. Normal 1. On parents/adults 2. On peers 3. On resources

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DEPENDENCIES AND ADDICTIONS

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  1. DEPENDENCIES AND ADDICTIONS

  2. Types of Dependencies A. Normal B. Abnormal • Habit disorders (e.g., eating) • Addictions (e.g., alcoholism)

  3. Developmental Course of Normal Dependence Normal 1. On parents/adults 2. On peers 3. On resources What are the implications for accommodation for a child overly dependent on an teacher?

  4. The Function of Dependence • Avoidance of failure or the social embarrassment of failure

  5. Communication Characteristics • Often seeks social approval, for example, by saying “did I do a good job?” • Has difficulty with decisions • Often complains

  6. Counterdependency Characteristics • Conveys the attitude “I can do it myself”--by hasn’t a clue • Authority avoidant • Yet like a dependent, s/he complains and waits for others to act first

  7. HABIT DISORDERS Of EATING • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia • Eating disorders are disturbances of identity and autonomy not of appetite

  8. LOOK AT THIS LINKThinhttp://www.hbo.com/docs/programs/thin/video.html (Preview)

  9. ANOREXIA NERVOSA :ETIOLOGY • BIOPHYSICAL FACTORS (a) genetic factors, hormonal and endocrine problems, or malfunctions of hypothalamus • Changes in blood flow in the brain • PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS Linked to control issues; they may perceive themselves as controlled externally, are less assertive, and come from families that do not encourage independence (Williams, Chamove, & Millar, 1990--Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 327-335) • ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS put on child to be perfect -- high expectations from significant others; pressure from media to look a certain way; low self-esteem

  10. Addictive Behavior From dependency to habits to addictions

  11. Look at this link. video http://www.hbo.com/addiction/index.html

  12. Types of Addiction Common addictions are: • Shopping • Alcohol • Drugs • Sex • Gambling • smoking

  13. Contributing factors Environment: Readily available substances Individual’s: Physiological level of anxiety and response to stress Physiological positive reaction to the drug substance, with a need to increase dose and frequency of use. Psychology:Impairment in the ability to obtain real satisfactions and rewards from life; turns to alternative artificial rewards offered by different types of addictions

  14. COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS • “Mental Bookkeeping” -- addicts weigh incorrectly the positive and negatives of their addiction (irrational), which is a form of denial • the addict begins to place more emphasis on the positive aspects of the behavior, this emphasis later becomes a need. • Obsessive thoughts

  15. Example of Cognitive Distortion

  16. INTERVENTIONS Is not curable but is treatable. • Total abstinence: the risk of relapse is present throughout life no matter how long the recovery. • ‘Just say no’ education programs work • Self-help groups work

  17. CHILD ABUSE Zentall

  18. Read this link material: • http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/signs.cfm Zentall

  19. Prevalence 33% of disabled children vs. 9% nondisabled children Zentall

  20. Physical Abuse Physical Characteristics • Signs of Abuse: • Unexplainable bruises or injuries • May wear clothes to cover bruises • Fear of medical help • Sexual abuse may lead to lacerations or tears Zentall

  21. Social Characteristics • Sometimes goes unnoticed • Change in personality Zentall

  22. “RED FLAGS” OR WARNINGS SIGNS • Abrupt changes in behavior (e.g., loss of appetite, sleep, failing school) • Inappropriate seductive behavior with others • Knowledge of or unusual interest in sexual matters • Promiscuity • Anger directed everywhere • Avoid a certain person • Regressive • Depressive, withdrawal, few friends • Passivity and compliance • Repeated running away Zentall

  23. Caught in a Strange Environment Called: Home

  24. Case Study“Jennifer” • Divorce of Parents and abandonment by father • Youngest of three children and only girl • Sexually and physically abused by older sibling • Little or no maternal intervention • Frequent relocation of family home and school • Age 15 abandoned by mother • Drop out of high school at 16 • Series of failed and abusive personal relationships • Series of menial jobs

  25. ACCOMMODATIONS • Prevention • Share power • Create a safe place • Deal with anger calmly -- give space, lower voice Zentall

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