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Chapter 8, Section 1

Chapter 8, Section 1. Organizing the New Government. Setting an Example. Precedent : an act or decision that sets an example for others to follow During his 2 terms in office Washington set many precedents 1796 he decided not to run for a third term

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Chapter 8, Section 1

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  1. Chapter 8, Section 1 Organizing the New Government

  2. Setting an Example • Precedent: an act or decision that sets an example for others to follow • During his 2 terms in office Washington set many precedents • 1796 he decided not to run for a third term • Others followed this precedent until 1940

  3. The first Cabinet • The president needed people to help him carry out his duties • 1789 Congress created 5 executive departments • Departments of State, Treasury, War, and the offices of Attorney General, and Postmaster General

  4. The first Cabinet • Washington choose well known leaders to head those departments • Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of State • Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of the Treasury • Cabinet: members and head of the departments

  5. The federal court system • Constitution called for a Supreme Court but Congress had to organize the federal court system • Judiciary Act: Called for the Supreme Court to have one chief Justice and 5 Associate Justices • John Jay was named first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • Also set up district courts and circuit courts across the nation

  6. Hamilton and the National Debt • Most pressing problem for Hamilton was the large government debt

  7. Government bonds • During the Revolutionary War the national government and state governments borrowed money from foreign countries and ordinary citizens to pay soldiers and buy supplies • Bond: certificate that promises to repay the money loaned plus interest • National debt: total sum of money a government owes

  8. Plan for repayment • Hamilton’s plan was to buy all bonds issued before 1789 and sell new bonds to pay off old debts

  9. Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan • Bankers and investors welcomed Hamilton’s plan

  10. Madison leads the opposition • Speculator: someone willing to invest in a risky venture in the hope of making money • Speculators paid soldiers and citizens 10 to 15 cents for a bond worth a dollar • Madison did not think speculators deserved to make huge profits • Hamilton thought the U.S. should repay its bonds in full to gain trust and help of investors • Madison also believed states should pay for their own debts

  11. Hamilton’s compromise • Hamilton offered to persuade his northern friends to vote for a capital in the South if southerners supported the repayment of state debts • Madison and other southerners accepted this compromise • Washington, D.C. ( District of Columbia) lies between MD and Virginia along the Potomac River • It belongs to no state

  12. Strengthening the Economy A national bank • Bank of the United States: 1791: government deposited money it collected in taxes • Also made loans to farmers and businesses helping them to expand

  13. Protecting the nation’s industries • Hamilton wanted to give American manufacturers a boost • Tariff: tax on all foreign goods brought into the country • Hamilton wanted to make imported goods more expensive then goods made in the U.S. • Protective tariff: high tariffs that protect American industry from foreign competition

  14. Protecting the nation’s industries • Northerners where factories were growing, supported Hamilton’s plan • Southerners farmers, who bought more imported goods than Northerners, opposed it • Congress did pass a tariff but much lower then what Hamilton had proposed

  15. The Whiskey Tax • 1791 all liquor made or sold in the U.S. was taxed • Settlers in the backcountry exploded with anger • Backcountry famers grew corn which was shipper more easily after being made in to whiskey • They compared it to Britain’s taxes on the colonies

  16. The Whiskey Rebellion • Tax collectors were treated harshly William Miller receives a summons • Farmers who refused to pay the tax received a court summons in distant federal courts • A sheriff and John Neville, tax collector, served legal papers to William Miller • Miller was forced to travel to Philadelphia and pay $250.00

  17. Farmers rebel • Angry farmers set out to find Neville and the sheriff, some had muskets others had pitchforks • The sheriff and Neville fled • The next day farmers and Neville met head on • Neville fired • A man died and others wounded

  18. Government Response • News of the whiskey Rebellion spread quickly • Washington called up a militia • Rebels scattered • Washington quick response showed the new government would act firmly

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