Presentation Transcript

1. Wartime Conferences - WWII
2. Casablanca ConferenceJanuary, 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill decided to accept nothing less than the unconditional surrender of Germany. Plan to postpone D-Day and plan more immediate targets in Italy.
3. Teheran ConferenceNovember, 1943 Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met and decided on creating a second front in France to be launched June 1944.
4. Yalta ConferenceFebruary, 1945 Re-ordering of the map of Europe To put an end to German militarism and Nazism To punish war criminals and to exact reparations To divide Germany into occupation zones Confirmed Soviet possession of Eastern Poland compensating Poland with German territory To assist countries under Allied occupation in forming democratically elected interim governments. Announced a “conference of United Nations” to be held in San Francisco in April 1945
5. PotsdamJuly, 1945 Roosevelt had passed away so new U.S. president Truman represented the USA. (Truman was openly anti-communist) Established four power occupation zones for postwar Germany. Established plans for the reordering of the German economy and German institutions. Issued an ultimatum to Japan either to surrender or risk total destruction. The decisions made at these conferences resulted in the establishment of Soviet and Western Blocs that would form the basis of a tense rivalry following the war; ultimately this contributed to a period known as the COLD WAR

6. WHAT NOW?

   LIFE AFTER THE BOMB
7. To whatextent does ideological conflict shape international relations? The Cold War (1945-1990) shaped the second half of the 20th century and it continues to have significant influence not only in international relations, but also in the citizenship and daily lives of people around the world The Cold War, which followed the Second World War, was an all-out political, economic, and social struggle between the USSR and the USA—for not only victory over the other, but also for influence over other nations and around the world 1945: The Superpowers Emerge
8. Cold War Europe; Post WWII
9. Harry S. Truman April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953 Stalin1927 - March 5, 1953
10. When the war was over, the rivalrous US and USSR no longer had a common enemy to fight (Nazi Germany) and a reason to shelve their animosity, so resumed their conflict (ideological differences) with greater energy the division of Germany (map provided later) the Marshall Plan (400 million to Greece and Turkey) the Truman Doctrine (13 billion to all war ravaged nations)  Stalinization (satellite states as a buffer zone)
11. These 2 nations, were the only two nations to emerge from the Second World War stronger than before they entered it They had mobilised their vast resources for maximum effect: building more weapons and placing more citizens under arms than ever before in either nation’s history ( the McCarthy investigations) They had also expanded their territorial control and influence far beyond previous limits ...USA... Western Europe and USSR...Eastern Europe and Asia
12. Stalin saw postwar Soviet expansionism not only as a way to “command the world economy” but also for specific historical and geographical reasons:  Stalin wanted to keep Germany divided: a strong, unified German had invaded Russia invaded twice already in the last century. When the US, Britain, and France pushed for unifying the German zones in order to help the general economic recovery of Europe, Stalin opposed the idea...at Potsdam...  Stalin wanted to maintain or expand Soviet influence to surrounding nations, including Finland, Poland, and Romania, for its own safety.
13. MARCH 5, 1946 Former British P.M. Winston Churchill speaking at an American University warns that the nations of Central and Eastern Europe are being locked behind an “IRON CURTAIN”.
14. The Iron Curtain and a divided Germany
15. How The Cold War Was Fought ARMS RACE: Each side, through fear of the other built up and developed weapons in an effort to gain superiority. DEFENCE SYSTEMS In an attempt to reduce the possibility of a surprise attack defense systems were created. (i.e. NORAD) North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is a joint organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning and control for North America. Founded in May of1953 as the North American Air Defense Command. SPACE RACE Military control in space. ESPIONAGE An information war is fought on both sides to gain secret information through spies.
16. ALLIANCES Alliances are made with other countries. NATO (1949) USA Canada Western Europe Warsaw Pact (1955) USSR Eastern Europe NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
17. FINANCIAL AID Support of other countries was bought in the form of money or military equipment. Marshall Plan (1948) Economic aid given to Western European nations by the USA. COMECON (1949) Economic aid given to Eastern European nations by the USSR.
18. Expansionism and Containment Expansionism—or the attempt to enlarge territorial and ideological influence beyond the nation’s borders and allies—was what both the USSR and the US would practise until the end of the Cold War. At the end of World War II, the US and the Soviet Union began to establish their “spheres of influence” in Europe For each of the superpowers, the answer to their fear was containment: the attempt to thwart another nation’s expansionism through means other than direct warfare
19. TRUMAN DOCTRINE (containment) New American foreign policy (1947) Keep the USSR contained and to stop the spread of communism. Marshall Plan NATO Etc.
20. U.S announces “containment” Containment: The policy of keeping the expansion of a hostile power or ideology in check. This policy was used by the United States to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding beyond its borders beginning in the late 1940’s
21. What does this cartoon say...
22. What beliefs and values are represented in this cartoon?
23. Division of Germany As Determined at the Yalta Conference, Germany and Berlin were divided into 4 zones (despite Berlin being located in the USSR zone). Each zone was controlled by one of the Allies: USA Great Britain France USSR USSR
24. The Division of Germany Western powers (USA, GB, France) joined their zones together to form the Federal German Republic. (West Germany/BIZONIA) Russians responded by turning their zone into the German Democratic Republic. (East Germany) West Germany prospered under the Marshall Plan.
25. Berlin Blockade (1948) Stalin was convinced this was a capitalist plot to eventually reunite Germany. In 1948 the USSR blocked all land routes into the western sector of Berlin. The Soviet’s aim was to prevent the west from sending supplies to West Berlin causing West Berlin to fall under Soviet control.
26. BERLIN AIRLIFT Allies did not want to use force USA, Great Britain, & France fly into West Berlin and drop supplies from airplanes. 13, 000 tonnes / day One plane every 3 minutes Airlift lasts one year Stalin couldn’t shoot planes down and reopens Berlin to the Allies. USSR needed atomic bomb to stand up to US.
27. Consequences of Blockade To the Allies the blockade was proof of USSR intention to take over Western Europe. Allies create NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Stalin sees NATO as threat and creates Warsaw Pact (1955)
28. Read Pg 247-248 CREATE AND COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART IN YOUR NOTES
29. Deterrence As a method of war—a Cold War, rather than a “hot war” of troops and battles—deterrence is a method of building up one’s capacity to fight such that neither opponent will fight because of the expected outcomes After the 1945 bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the development of nuclear weapons by the Soviets in 1949, governments of the world knew that a “hot war” between the superpowers would mean a nuclear war, one that would kill not only the opponents but also the entire planet; thus, direct confrontation was avoided. The term for this situation of an unwinnable, nuclear war is Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)
30. US develops H-Bomb Dwight D. Eisenhower January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 In 1952 America developed an even stronger nuclear weapon called the H-Bomb. Soviet technology however followed suit and had one by 1953.
31. De-Stalinization Nikita KhrushchevSeptember 7, 1953 - October 14, 1964 After Stalin died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev believed that with or without war communism would spread and started an era of De−Stalinization. This spelled an end to the role of large-scale forced labor in the economy, and was a major act promoting less tension.
32. Khrushchev calls for “peaceful co-existence” Cause: Khrushchev was the new leader, he won the power and carried out his policy of “de-stalinization” 1956 Feb: At 20th Party Congress, Khrushchev calls for peaceful coexistence with capitalism; admits possibility of different paths to socialism, revolution without violence; abandons doctrine of the inevitability of war Khrushchev expresses that capitalism will eventually bring itself to ruin; thus waging a war against capitalism was pointless. Consequence: the east and west, temporarily, had better relations
33. Hungarian Revolt (1956) The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the Communist government of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from October 23 until November 10, 1956. It began as a student demonstration which attracted thousands as it marched through central Budapest to the Parliament building. While they achieved some prisoner releases, they did not achieve a Soviet withdrawal. Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union
34. NON-ALIGNMENT Non-alignment: position taken during the Cold War by those countries that did not form an alliance with either the USA nor the USSR. They pushed for more aid for the developing world. Many countries wanted to choose their own ideologies and resented a history of colonization At the Bandung Conference, held in Java, Indonesia, in 1955, 29 African and Asian countries met to promote economic and cultural cooperation This was the beginning of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM); Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Ghana, Egypt, India, and Indonesia officially began NAM in 1961 However, these countries were unsuccessful in trying to use their membership in the United Nations challenge the hegemony of the USA and USSR
35. Read Pg 253-254 “Canada in the Cold War” and “France’s Dissuasion Policy”
36. Sputnik On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launched the very first satellite into space. This was huge at this time because not only did this prove the Soviets were winning the space race but had the upper hand on technology for warfare. The fear in the USA was that Soviet spy capabilities had been increased, and the Soviet Union would be able to pinpoint missiles anywhere.
37. Brinkmanship Brinkmanship is the attempt to push a dangerous situation to the edge, to the brink—as far as possible without conceding anything to your opponent The Cuban Missile Crisis was the best example of this during the Cold War
38. U-2 crisis (May 1, 1960) The U–2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U–2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane, but was forced to admit it when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially. The Paris Summit (The East-West Summit), intended to be a diplomatic meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev, was cancelled. The incident worsened East–West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.
39. John F. Kennedy January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
40. Cuba 145 km of the US coast. 1959 Communist Revolution in Cuba led by Fidel Castro. USA is very wary of Cuba’s new communist government and growing ties with the USSR. A brief trade battle ensued.
41. Cuba cont…. Cuba nationalized all industry in Cuba. All US business and interests in Cuba were lost. US claimed they were stolen by Cuban govt. despite Cuba’s offer of compensation US president Eisenhower agreed to help Cubans wishing to overthrow Castro. In January, 1961 John F. Kennedy takes over as President and continues this promise.
42. BAY OF PIGS April 1961, 1400 anti-Castro Cubans landed at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba to try and overthrow Castro. Castro was ready with troops and artillery and stopped the threat. HUGE American embarrassment
43. Bay of Pigs cont…. Castro scared that Kennedy would help other rebellions asked Khrushchev for help, and Khrushchev sends weapons to Castro. Kennedy worried about events keeps a close eye on Cuba.
44. The Berlin Wall Many people living in East Germany were not as well off as West Germans and escaped into West Germany. By July, 1961 approximately 10 000 East Germans were leaving per week. 3 000 000 people had fled since 1945. On August 12th, 1961, East German troops locked down the boarder between East Germany and West Berlin, essentially surrounding the city. A second fence was later built inside East Germany, creating a no-mans land between the two barriers known as “The Death Strip”
45. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
46. The Cuban Missile Crisis Americans discovered Russian missile bases being built in 1962. President Kennedy ordered an American blockade (quarantine) of Cuba to stop Russian ships from carrying missiles into Cuba. Kennedy then ordered Khrushchev to dismantle the missile bases immediately. Any attack from Cuba would be treated as a direct attack on the USA by USSR and ordered 156 long range missiles aimed at the USSR to be ready to fire.
47. The Cuban Missile Crisis On October 29, 1961 4 days after the blockade began Khrushchev “blinked first” and ordered the dismantling of all missile bases in Cuba. President Kennedy called off the blockade and promised to leave Cuba alone.
48. During the Crisis, US president John F. Kennedy scribbled notes about the conflict.
49. This map was created by the CIA to show missile ranges and was used in secret meeting during the Cuban Missile Crisis

50. DETENTE

    “A Change in Superpower Relations”
51. DETENTE “A Change in Superpower Relations” Because the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the two superpowers to the brink of war, some steps were taken to reduce the tension between the two nations. The period of reduced tensions, from the late 1960s to 1979 (when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan), was called détente Khrushchev
52. Reasons for Detente Both sides realized how dangerous the situation had become. US fighting in Vietnam - needed to slow Arms Race to reduce burden on economy. USSR concerned about Communist China. Both sides wanted to reduce economic expenditure.
53. Lyndon B. Johnson November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969 Leonid BrezhnevOctober 14, 1964 - November 10, 1982
54. The following timeline illustrates aspects of détente between the USA and the USSR: 1963: Hot-line between the White House and the Kremlin is established; Nuclear Test Ban Treaty restricting nuclear tests to underground explosions 1969: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) begin 1972: Richard Nixon, first USA president to visit the Soviet Union 1973: Leonid Brezhnev, USSR leader, visits Washington 1975: Helsinki Agreement — USA, USSR, Canada and Eastern and Western European powers agree to European frontiers set up after World War Two and to work at protecting human rights SEE PAGES 256-257 FOR A MORE DETAILED TIMELINE
55. Gerald Ford August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 Richard Nixon January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 OTHER COLD WAR AMERICAN PRESIDENTS George Bush January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 Jimmy Carter January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 Ronald Reagan January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
56. …AND IN THE SOVIET UNION: AndropovNovember 12, 1982 - February 9, 1984 ChernenkoFebruary 13, 1984 - March 10, 1985
57. Proxy Wars and Liberation Movements The US and USSR never did descend into a direct “hot war” but they did have what are called proxy wars, substitute wars in which one super power might fight in another land or provide support …in the postwar recovery years were opportunities for the superpowers to advance their interests in regions around the world. Each side was willing to provide economic or military support to a side that was sympathetic to its ideology Read: “Proxy Wars and Liberation Movements” Pg 258
58. Soviet Union invades Afghanistan The Soviet war in Afghanistan also known as the Soviet-Afghan War was a nine-year conflict involving Soviet forces supporting the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) government against the largely Islamic fundamentalist Mujahideen insurgents. The initial Soviet deployment of the 40th Army in Afghanistan began on December 25, 1979. The final troop withdrawal began on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989. Here we can see The Soviets trying to start a new domino line
59. Red Scare! In September 1945, a cipher clerk named Igor Gouzenko from the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa defected He carried with him files that described, in detail, the extent of Soviet spying in North America The Gouzenko affair caused tremendous consternation in the United States and Canada His defection led to a significant number of charges against Canadians and Americans for spying on their own country Many felt that the Soviet spying extended even deeper, into the heart of government Igor Gouzenko
60. In many ways the hunt for the Atomic Spies was a witch hunt that saw several people convicted based on slanted or questionable evidence The desire to see someone punished led to the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, they were convicted of aiding an enemy of the United States (the USSR) The real Atomic spy turned out to be Klaus Fuchs a physicist who worked on the Manhattan project, he lived to tell the tale
61. McCarthyism An American Senator (Joe McCarthy) was so convinced that Soviet spies were everywhere that he began a hunt for suspected spies and collaborators 1947 Comic Book Part of the scare
62. He created the Committee on Un-American activities, this committee called hundreds of people and branded many of them as Communist sympathizers Many people were unfairly tarnished with the taint of being a Soviet spy, some committed suicide, many had their lives ruined, not one spy was ever found Charles Chaplin, Actor J. Robert Oppenheimer, Physicist Lee Grant, actress Paul Robeson
63. Spy Games Throughout the Cold War there was significant action between the superpowers spy agencies the CIA & KGB In many cases their actions played a role in keeping the tensions between the two countries high The British suffered a tremendous blow when it was revealed that three of the top officials in MI-5 were actually Soviet spies
64. Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in the S.U. He inherits a country where: Living conditions for the average Soviet did not match those of people in the West. For too long the Soviets devoted spending money on the arms race, underfunding other important government programs. GorbachevMarch 11, 1985 - December 25, 1991
65. The Fall of Communism Gorbachev introduces two new political policies that encourage political discussion and new communication with the west. Peristroika: economic restructuring Glasnost: political openness People in Soviet satellite countries see this as a relaxing of Soviet grip on their countries. One by one they begin to replace their Soviet backed governments and replace them with democratically elected ones. The Soviet Union’s empire begins to crumble…
66. Germany is Re-united The collapse of the Iron Curtain was in 1989 and was symbolized by the opening of the Berlin wall on the 9th of November, 1989. The dismantling of the Soviet Union in December 1991 followed this event. On October 3, 1990 Germany was reunited and the areas controlled by American, Soviet, French, and British forces were left in the hands of a new Germany. This unfortunately hit the German economy hard but Germany did and still is recovering.
67. Warsaw Pact dissolves March 31, 1991 The Warsaw Pact crumbled for a number of reasons, serving as a prop for the unpopular Communist regimes of Eastern Europe. The treaties became increasingly obsolete once non-Communists came to power and although Soviet authorities showed some tenacity in insisting on maintaining the treaty, it was clear that the greatest hostilities animating the organization were internal.
68. Soviet Union ceases to exist Russia declares independence Dec 25, 1991 Gorbachev announces his resignation and the Soviet Union ceases to exist under international law