Presidency of Harry Truman

2. Presidency of Harry Truman • Cold War is the central fact of U.S. diplomacy from 1945-1990 • Pre-war and WWII tension with the Soviets • Truman’s background • Truman did not cause the Cold War, but his policies and attitudes contributed • Truman is counseled to get tough with the Soviets

3. Presidency of Harry Truman • Truman ends Lend-Lease to USSR and stalls loan request • Truman “chews out” Soviet ambassador • Stalin’s paranoia contributed to the Cold War • Stalin wants “total security” in Eastern Europe

4. Possible American Responses to the Cold War Tension • Traditional Isolation • Cooperate with the Soviets • Turn the Cold War into a Hot War • “Containment”

5. American Assumptions AboutSoviet Communism • Communism is monolithic. • Worldwide communism is centrally directed by Moscow. • Communism is infinitely expansive. • Communism is a threat to American trade. • Communism is a threat to democratic institutions. • Communism is evil morally. • No room for neutrality in a bi-polar world. • U.S. is militarily and diplomatically omnipotent.

6. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse [George Kennan] GOALspread world-wide Communism • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

7. The Bipolarization of Europe

8. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application • Restorationof the balance of power Encouragement of self-confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion. Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan] Exploitation of tensions in international communism. Cooperation with communist regimes; [supporting Titoism in Yugoslavia] • Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power.

9. George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT Goals Means Actual Application • Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations. Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences. Using “carrots & sticks’; containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length.

10. Cold War Division of Germany

11. 1945 - Divided and Occupied 1948 - Separate Currencies 1949 - FRG Announced (West) GDR Announced (East) 1955 - FRG joins NATO GDR joins Warsaw Pact 1961 - Berlin Wall Built

12. The Cold War in Europe • Soviet pressure on Greece and Turkey • The “Truman Doctrine” (March, 1947) • The “Marshall Plan” (June, 1947) • U.S. motivations in offering this aid

13. The Berlin Crisis and Airlift • Soviet blockade of western Berlin • Possible Soviet aims • Possible U.S. responses • Berlin Airlift -“Operation Vittles” • June, 1948-May, 1949: 1.5 million tons of supplies delivered

15. The Creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO • Successful Soviet test of an atomic weapon (September, 1949) • Nuclear proliferation • NSC-68 • NATO created (April, 1949) • Soviet perception of this alliance • Warsaw Pact (1955)

16. Berlin Crisis, 1958-61 GDR’s desire for recognition by West USSR’s hopes for peace treaties & removal of atomic weaponry from FRG Khrushchev ultimatum for West to leave West Berlin within 6 months • Western intransigence & threat of nuclear weapons to preserve West Berlin; but non-intervention in East Berlin • Economic race to overtake West German economy falters in 1960 • Wall cheap alternative to subsidies by USSR

17. The Cold War in Asia

18. China • Civil War resumed after WWII between communists and nationalists • The “Long March” of Mao Zedong • No U.S. desire for a military commitment to China • Possible U.S. responses to the situation in China

19. China • Containment apparently failed in China • U.S. omnipotence is drawn into question • Failure to recognize this war as one fought for nationalism • U.S. relations with Communist China Nonexistent

20. Korean War[1950-1953]

21. Tensions • During the 1940’s, political tensions were building in Korea • Japan had ruled Korea from 1910-1945, but had been driven out by the United States and the Soviet Union. • 1945-the Allies had divided Korea into two zones, the Soviets occupied the northern zone and U.S. troops occupied the southern zone.

22. U.S. Involvement • South Korea was unstable economically • The United States feared that South Korea would fall to communism • U.S. government helped to build up the South Korean military • Both the U.S. and the Soviets removed their troops from Korea in 1949.

23. Korean War[1950-1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

24. Fighting Begins • North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. • The UN became involved and asked for an immediate cease fire • The Soviets were boycotting the U.N. due to the denial of admittance of China to the world governing body

25. The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

26. The Korean War • “Temporary” division of Korea into 2 zones • No national security interest in Korea • The call for free elections • North Korean invasion of South Korea (June, 1950) • United Nations’ sanction of the Korean War • The “Pusan” perimeter

27. Support for South Korea • June 27th-The U.N. Security Council labeled North Korea as an aggressor and offered support to South Korea • The U.S. sponsored this resolution • U.S. forces entered South Korea under the direction General MacArthur • 15 other countries gave military and monetary support, however no other country gave the same support that the United States did.

28. The Korean War • MacArthur’s landing at Inchon • Threat of the introduction of Chinese forces on behalf of North Korea • MacArthur calls for a “new war” against the Chinese and North Korea • Rift develops between MacArthur and Truman

29. Split Power • By September the North Koreans had pushed the U.S. and South Korean forces into a retreat • September 15, 1950, General MacArthur led a counterattack and recaptured Seoul, which is South Korea’s capital • The UN and U.S. forces were hit with a counterattack from the North Koreans and eventually had to settle with a defensive line at the 38th parallel

30. The Korean War • The “lesson” of Korea • Peace talks (1951) and the Election of 1952 • Eisenhower visits Korea and pressures the North Koreans for an armistice (July, 1953)

31. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.html

32. China’s Involvement • China aided North Korea in late November. • Due to China’s involvement, General MacArthur called for a major expansion of the war. His proposal included: • Blockading China’s coast • Invading the interior of China

33. Conflict Regarding the Plan • Supporters of MacArthur’s plan said it would overthrow the Communist regime in China • Opponents argued that blockading China could entice the Soviets to become involved

34. Truman’s Response • President Truman opposed MacArthur’s plan • Truman removed MacArthur from his position in April 1951 • The war had reached a stalemate by the summer of 1951. • The war became a hot button issue in election of 1952

35. Election of 1952 • Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower • Democrat candidate Adlai Stevenson • Eisenhower promised to end the Korean war yet still resist the spread of Communism • Eisenhower won the electoral college 442-89 President Eisenhower http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/de34.html

36. The War Ends • Eisenhower stayed true to his word to end the war • Bombing raids increased by the U.S. in North Korea in May of 1953 • July 27th, 1953 an armistice was agreed upon. • The outcome of the war was the same dividing line that was present before the start of the war, approximately around the 38th parallel

37. Final Outcome http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.html

38. The Foreign Policy of Dwight Eisenhower • Ike’s need to present a “tougher line” than containment • Eisenhower’s Secretary of State John Foster Dulles • Ike’s foreign policy: -- “roll back” -- “New Look” -- “massive retaliation” -- “brinksmanship”

39. VIII. Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy (cont.) • All of this talk appeared to be mainly campaign rhetoric • Eastern European nations feel betrayed by tough-talking U.S. • SEATO created (1954) • METO created (1955) • “Ring around the Soviet Union”

40. VIII. Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy (cont.) • Ike’s “Open Skies” proposal (July, 1955) • Traditional U.S. sympathy with Israel • Ike tries to build bridges to the Arabs • Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956 and Ike’s response • The Eisenhower Doctrine (July, 1958)

41. VIII. Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy (cont.) • CIA interventions abroad during the Eisenhower years • Apparent “thaw” in the Cold War (1959) • The U-2 spy plane incident (May, 1960) • The “problem” of Fidel Castro in Cuba (January, 1959)

42. IX. Post-Eisenhower Foreign Policy • Kennedy’s “tough talk” and the “myth” of the missile gap • JFK’s interest in “flexible response” and special forces units • The Bay of Pigs fiasco (1961) • Soviets build the Berlin Wall

43. IX. Post-Eisenhower Foreign Policy (cont.) • JFK perpetuates traditional containment policy • Cuban Missile Crisis (October, 1962) • After the Cuban crisis, JFK began to moderate his tough stand against the Soviets

44. IX. Post-Eisenhower Foreign Policy (cont.) • LBJ and containment policy in Vietnam • Richard Nixon’s historic visit to China (February, 1972) • Wedge driven between China and the USSR • Nixon’s visit to Moscow (May, 1972) --SALT talks and trade agreements

45. IX. Post-Eisenhower Foreign Policy (cont.) • Reliance on Arab oil makes the Middle East a continuing problem for US foreign policy • Henry Kissinger’s “shuttle diplomacy” • Carter’s Camp David Accords (1977) • Carter and Détente • Reagan’s return to containment • Post-Cold War realities