By: Daniel Joh and William Shin

1. Two Superpowers Face Off By: Daniel Joh and William Shin

2. Former Allies Diverge • Even before WWII ended, the relationship with the Soviet Union and the United States was starting to getting worse. • The Soviet Union ,in a way, betrayed the U.S. by signing a nonaggression pact with Germany. • Stalin said that it was the Allies’ fault that the attack on Germany was delayed. • These conflicts lead to major problems between the two powerful countries. The nonaggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union was one of the problems that caused the two countries to anger each other

3. A Jointed Postwar Plan • February, 1945- U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union meet at Soviet Black Sea to divide Germany into zones. • Stalin promises Eastern Europeans the right to vote, but Churchill knew it was an empty promise unless they followed a policy friendly to Russia. • In return, the Soviet Union decided to join the attack on Japan, an ally of Germany.

4. Creation of the United Nations • On June 1945, the United States, the Soviet Union, and 48 other countries created the United Nations (UN) • The United States and the Soviet Union set aside their differences during the creation of the United Nations. • The UN promised to try and save future countries from war. • The UN created a large body called the General Assembly which was a meeting of all of the members with a voting system. • The Security Council had most of the power in the UN. • It had 11 members to settle disputes and investigate • The Security council had 5 permanent members (Britain, China, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union). • A veto from any Security council member could cancel the action to prevent overriding votes. The UN still exists today

5. Differing U.S. and the Soviet Goals Table from the Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction textbook, page 476 • The United States and the Soviet Union split right after WWII • The United States suffered 400,000 deaths, but the Soviet Union suffered 50 times more than that. • Theses caused different goals in the two countries which later leads to war.

6. The Soviet Union Corrals Eastern Europe • The Soviet Union feared and need protection against invasions • They don’t have neutral borders so they fell every time they were invaded • Examples: Napoleon overran Moscow (1812) and Germany invaded during WWI

7. Soviet Build a Wall of Satellite Nations • By the end of the war, the Soviets pushed the Nazi’s back and gained countries to buffer from enemies • Soviets gained Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, and Yugoslavia

8. New President in the U.S. • On April 12, 1945, president Roosevelt died and Harry Truman replaced him. • Truman tried to push Stalin into letting Eastern Europeans vote, but it lead to him declaring war on the U.S. Harry Truman (thirty-third President of the United States )

9. The Iron Curtain Divides East and West • Europe was divided into two. (Communist and noncommunist) • Germany was spit into 2 • The division became known as “iron curtain”.

10. Counter from the United States • Growing Soviet’s threat in Eastern Europe • USSR (Union of Soviet Social Republics) were empire-building • President Truman confirms a foreign policy called containment. • Stop the growing of communism

11. The Truman Doctrine • Truman aids Turkey and Greece • Support towards countries rejecting communism called the Truman Doctrine • Controversy • No interference other countries’ affairs • Not many resources • Possible that aid go to dictators • Congress gave $400 million to Turkey and Greece

12. The Marshall Plan • Terrible conditions after war • 1947, U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall suggested aid to any European countries -> The Marshall Plan • $ 12.5 billion (!) plan • Arguments • Communists spread to Czechoslovakia • Succeeded in Western Europe and Yugoslavia

13. The Berlin Airlift • 1948, France, Britain, and the United States withdraw • Soviet Union grabs Western Berlin more strongly by not giving them enough supplies • Surrender or, • Give up to unify • U.S. & Britain gives support • Soviet Union gives up and flee from Germany C-47s during Berlin Airlift

14. The Cold War and a Divided World • These were the beginning of the Cold War (a capitalism vs. communism war) • Spying, propaganda, diplomacy, and secret operations • Most countries allied Cummings of the Daily Express, 24 August 1953, "Back to Where it all Started"

15. Rival Alliances • During Berlin’s hostage, • Western Europe, U.S., Canada forms NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania form Warsaw Pact • Later in 1950’s, the United States create another alliance SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) to secure Korea and Indochina after warfare.

16. Nuclear Threat • Tense atmosphere • Both rivals had atomic bombs • Truman decided to create a much more powerful ones • 1950, U.S. Thermonuclear weapon (A-bomb) • 9 months later… Soviet Union also made one • Dulles (during Eisenhower president) speaks in brinkmanship • Both nations for four more decades competed for stronger nuclear weapons and planes The largest thermonuclear weapon ever tested

17. The Cold War in the Skies Sputnik 1, the first satellite • Competition in science and education • Poured billions of dollars • 1957, Soviets made ICBM to launch Sputnik I • 1958, U.S. launched their own satellite • 1960, U-2 incident • 1955, Eisenhower “open skies” • Soviets refuses • U.S. CIA spies in U-2 planes • Soviets shot a U-2 plane • Boosted up the tension and mistrust into a new dimension U-2 plane

18. References • http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_26_586.gif • http://www.arikah.com/commons/en/a/aa/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_1945_1946.png • http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/lowcountries/belcoldwar.gif • http://www.historyplace.com/specials/calendar/docs-pix/harry-truman.jpg • http://backspace.com/notes/images/ironcurtain.pnghttp://www.maggiethatcher.com/un.gif • http://history.sandiego.edu/cdr2/PATCH/NA/ww279sm.GIF • http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1094.gif

19. References (cont.) • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/NATO_vs_Warsaw_%281949-1990%29.png • http://www.johndclare.net/images/Soviet_takeover.GIF • http://teachers.henrico.k12.va.us/highlandsprings/fravel_d/fravel_site/us11/cwsoviettanks.jpg • http://teachers.henrico.k12.va.us/highlandsprings/fravel_d/fravel_site/us11/coldwarplansdoctrines.html • http://www.historicaldocuments.com/MarshallPlanPhoto.jpg • http://www.travisairmuseum.org/html/cold_war.html • https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/c47ber.jpg • http://www.authentichistory.com/1950s/speeches/images/berlin_airlift_02.jpg • http://www.johndclare.net/

20. References (cont.) • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/f/ff/20061012045516!Cold_War_Map_1980.png • http://www.piedmontcommunities.us/go/407/FSLO-1115053071-830407.jpg • http://www.history.neu.edu/chstg314_files/image002.jpg • http://www.history.neu.edu/chstg314.htm • http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/IvyMikeC1024c10.jpg • http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/physics/high_schools/2006/Space_Exploration/sputnik.jpg • http://www.rdgoodies.com/lockheed/U-2/u-2-113.jpg