HS1000-71 Human Growth & Social Environment

HS1000-71Human Growth & Social Environment Infancy (Birth to Age 3) Cognitive and Social Development

II. Social Development Emotional expressions • Built-in social signals • Cross-cultural evidence reveals that people around the world associate photographs of different facial expressions with emotions in the same way Basic emotions: • Happiness, anger and fear

Happiness • Blissful(極樂的) smiles to exuberant (豐富的) laughter • When new skills achieved, expressing their delight in motor and cognitive mastery Social smile: • Smiling directed toward mothers and other caregivers

Understanding to the Emotions of Others Social referencing: • Intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events • First occurs around the age of 8 or 9 months Self awareness - Knowledge of oneself • Begin to grow at around the age of 12 months

Theory of mind (John Flavell) • knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it influences behavior • The explanations that children use to explain how others think. (around 18 months of age) Empathy: • an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person • At around 24 months of age, infants may comfort others or shown concern for others

Attachment • the positive emotional bond(積極情感聯繫)that develops between a child and a particular, special individual Lorenz – attachment was based on biologically determined factors(生理決定因素) Freud – attachment grew out of a mother’s ability to satisfy a child’s oral needs(口腔需要)

John Bowlby Human attachment study • Infants’ needs for safety and security • They genetically determined motivation to avoid predators(抗拒掠奪者) • Development of a special relationship with individual • usually the mother who provides safety and security

Mary Ainsworth • Strange situation and Patterns of Attachment Ainsworth Strange Situation: • a sequence of stage episodes(階段事件)(8 step pattern) that illustrates the strength of attachment between a child (one year old) and (typically) his or her mother Four major patterns: • Secure, avoidant, ambivalent(矛盾), and disorganized-disoriented(混亂迷妄)

Patterns of Attachment a. Secure attachment pattern • a style that children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease(放心)when she is present • When mother leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns

Patterns of Attachment (cont’d) b. Avoidant attachment pattern(逃避依附模式) • Children do not seek proximity(親近) to the mother • After the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behaviour

Patterns of Attachment (cont’d) c. Ambivalent attachment pattern(矛盾依附模式) • Children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers • Show great distress(悲痛) when the mother leaves • Upon mother’s return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her

Patterns of Attachment (cont’d) d. Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern(混亂迷妄依附模式) • Children show inconsistent, often contradictory behaviour(顯示不一致甚至相反行為) • Such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her • The least securely attached

Questions for reflection • What are the advantages and disadvantages of employing foreign domestic helpers or grandfather or grandmother to take care of infant babies? • In order for the infants to have a sense of security when developing attachment, what roles should the mother, grandfather or grandmother and the foreign domestic helper perform?

Personality Development Personality: • The sum total of the enduring (持久的) characteristics that differentiate one individual from another Freud: Oral stage (birth to 12–18 months) • Gratification of the infant’s need for food and oral stimulation as vital Anal stage (12-18 months – 3 years) • Instinctual energies shift to the anal region of the body • Toilet training

Erikson Basic Trust versus Mistrust stage (birth to 18 months) • The period during which infant develop a sense of trust or mistrust, • Largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers Virtue/strength: • Hope

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years) • The period during which toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore • Shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected Virtue/strength: • Will

HS1000-71 Human Growth & Social Environment