The Maritime Revolution, to 1550

1. The Maritime Revolution,to 1550 Chapter 15

2. Global Maritime ExpansionBefore 1450 Sea travel was difficult and dangerous It was necessary for trade profits People wanted to explore new lands

3. The Pacific Ocean Polynesians traveled vast distances. sailed from the East Indies to Hawaii Over 2000 miles Traveled in large canoes No maps or navigational tools Similar language is proof of related people

4. The Indian Ocean Malayo-Indonesians settled in Madagascar. Malayo-Indonesian languages are still spoken there Africans also settled in Madagascar. Predictable monsoons encouraged travel The Muslim trade network went all around the Indian Ocean.

5. Ming China Expeditions into the Indian Ocean Curiosity and trade Expeditions led by Zheng He the first expedition 62 junks, 300 feet long by 150 feet wide In response, delegates from Swahili visited China. Some Chinese officials opposed increased contact with others. They began to focus inward.

6. The Atlantic Ocean Vikings Great mariners Raiders and pirates that attacked coastal European settlements No maps or navigational devices Settled Iceland in 770, Greenland in 982, and North America in 986 Leif Ericsson founded Newfoundland in 1200

7. More expeditions sailed from Portugal and Genoa (Italy) to explore the Atlantic African emperor Mansa Muhammad sent out an expedition of 400 ships. One canoe returned. The Arawak of South America began settling in the Lesser and Greater Antilles and the Bahamas.

8. European Expansion 1400-1550

9. Motives for Exploration European tendencies Revival of urban life and trade A struggle with Islamic powers for dominance in the Mediterranean Growing intellectual curiosity European alliance between merchants and rulers

10. Italy Had all of the above conditions, but did not lead the way in exploration Mediterranean ships weren�t suited for the Atlantic Preferred to keep trade alliances with the Muslims Iberian kingdoms (Portugal and Spain) Led the way in Atlantic exploration Years of anti-Muslim warfare Atlantic fishing experience Not much profit from Mediterranean trade Great leaders that were interested in exploration

11. Portuguese Voyages Took the city of Cueta in Morocco in 1415, as well as other Moroccan ports. Attack was led by Prince Henry the Navigator. Converted Africans to Christianity Founded a research institute to study navigation and create sea charts and maps. They tried to improve navigational instruments and built the caravel. Paid for by the Order Of Christ.

12. Profits From trading slaves and gold The Portuguese crown continued sponsoring exploration after Henry�s death in 1460. Private investors began paying for expeditions. Fernao Gomes Explored the Gold Coast Bartolomeu Dias � first Portuguese to sail around the tip of Africa Vasco de Gamma � sailed around Africa and reached India

13. Spanish Voyages Spanish not interested in exploration as early on as the Portuguese Christopher Columbus (1451 � 1506) Genoese mariner Was unable to get Portugal to sponsor him Four voyages between 1492 and 1502 On the first voyage he took the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. The Nina and Pinta were caravels. Believed he had found a shorter route to India, in actuality he was in the Americas.

14. Tordesillas line Negotiated by the pope in 1494 An imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean Spain could claim land west of the line and Portugal could claim land east of the line. Ferdinand Magellan (1480 � 1521) First to sail around the world Died on his expedition

15. Encounters with Europe 1450 - 1550

16. Western Africa Eager to trade with the Portuguese Gold coast leaders found it to be cheaper than trading with caravans. Allowed the Portuguese to build a trading fort The kingdom of Benin began trading slaves and ivory with Portugal for copper, brass & firearms. The Africans began to refuse Christianity. The slave trade began to get out of control

17. Eastern Africa Muslim rulers in East Africa were weary of a fleet that painted crosses on their sails. Ethiopia, a Christian country, welcomed the Portuguese. The friendship later helped them in a battle against Muslim armies.

18. Indian Ocean States The people of Calicut were not impressed by Vasco de Gama�s arrival. Because of their superior ships and weapons, Portugal was able to take control of important trading cities. Portugal imposed taxes on and controlled trade of other ships. The Portuguese never completely controlled the Indian Ocean, but they profited from it.

19. The Americas Spanish set up a territorial empire in the Americas. The Portuguese set up a trade network in Africa. The native Americans did not have experience with trade relations. Diseases weakened their ability to resist.

20. Columbus Met the Arawak people on the island of Hispaniola in 1492. Columbus brought settlers in 1493 that stole gold and food from the Arawaks. Spaniards had horses and body armor. Domesticated animals brought by the Spanish ate Arawak crops which caused famine. Forced conversions to Christianity meant killing non-believers.

21. Spanish conquistadors followed that pattern all around the Caribbean. Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida in 1513. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire. Some believed he was the god Quetzalcoatl Brought small pox Took Moctezuma as prisoner Francisco Pizzaro met with the Inca emperor Atahualpa. Atahualpa was murdered by the Spanish. The Spanish continued their quest for wealth in South and North America

22. Patterns of Dominance By 1542, the Spanish controlled all the major population centers in the Americas. How? Americans were vulnerable because of isolation. The Spanish were militarily superior. The Spanish practiced this model during the Iberian reconquest.