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Maritime Revolution

Maritime Revolution. Before 1450 - 1550. Expansion before 1450 Pacific Ocean. Polynesians New Guinea to Hawaii to New Zealand Expansion or accidental? Malayo-Indonesians Madagascar. Expansion before 1450 Indian Ocean. Muslim Traders Very important by 1400 Trade ports not empire

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Maritime Revolution

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  1. Maritime Revolution Before 1450 - 1550

  2. Expansion before 1450Pacific Ocean • Polynesians • New Guinea to Hawaii to New Zealand • Expansion or accidental? • Malayo-Indonesians • Madagascar

  3. Expansion before 1450Indian Ocean • Muslim Traders • Very important by 1400 • Trade ports not empire • Ming Empire • Mongol defeat leads to early expansionism • Voyages of Zheng He • Ways to show off wealth rather than trade • Africa • By 1433 voyages ended • POWER VACUUM

  4. Expansion before 1450Atlantic Ocean • Vikings • First major power • Exploration and settlement • Impact of changing climate in 1200 • Europeans • Applied Mediterranean knowledge • Mostly Genoese and Portuguese • Expeditionary - Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands • Africans • Mansa Musa • Americas • Limited • Arawaks into Lesser Antilles

  5. European Expansion1400-1550 • Who? • Iberian Kingdoms (Spain & Portugal) • Economic, political & religious inspiration • Improvements in their technology allowed them to “master” maritime push • Four Trends in Latin West since 1000 • Revival of urban life and trade • European idea of alliance b/w rulers & merchants • Struggle with Islamic Empires over Med. • Growing intellectual curiosity • Why not Italians? • Venice & Genoa had pre-existing trade alliances with Muslims (access to SR through the Med.) • Ships too small for Atlantic Ocean • Merchant Princes supported trade in N Europe, Black Sea, Indian Ocean

  6. Why Portugal? • c. 1415 – attack on Morocco (Muslim) • Part crusade, tournament, plundering • Importance of Gold • Unable to push inland • Sought direct contact with Gold producers • Need to sail • Henry the Navigator • Multiple agendas – religion, ottoman, exploration • Cartography • Caravel • Smaller, lighter, more maneuverable, small cannons

  7. Order of Christ Money • Red crosses on ships • Slavery and gold • Cruzado • Link between religion and exploration • Real Success comes after private investors become involved • Sao Tome • Seek a passage to India

  8. Why Spain? • History of conflict with Muslims • Aragon & Castile unite to capture Granada • Later entrance into Revolution • Columbus - 1492 • Expedition sponsored by Queen Isabella • Never believed he reached “New” World • Vespucci • Explores “new” world • Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494 • Negotiated by pope • Splits Atlantic Ocean with imaginary line • Americas = Spain • Africa & S Asia = Portugal

  9. African Encounters with Europe • Portugal • Offered new markets for African goods • Gold Coast & Benin • Trade gold, pepper, some slavery • African nations held power • Kongo • Only had slaves to offer • Ethiopia • Only Christian Empire on east coast • Alliances against the Turks • Conflict over version of Christianity

  10. Indian Ocean Encounters with Europeans • Portugal • Sought access to trade • Crown decided that IO would belong to them alone – use of force • Why did Portugal gain power so easily? (1505 – 1535) • Superior weaponry and ships • Small port cities, not empire • Large empires not interested in maritime intrusion – internal focus • Seized Malacca • Methods of control • Taxation • Portuguese “passports” • Execution • Response • Larger empires ignored or considered unimportant • Smaller trade ports attempted resistance - failed

  11. America Encounters with Europe • Spain • Territorial Empire rather than trade • No contact between Amerindians and others – had to rely on conquest & plunder • Arawak • Hispaniola (Haiti) • 1493 – Columbus 2nd voyage with settlers • 1495 rebellion: quashed, ended with death and bondage • Famine and smallpox spread • 1502 – all remaining Arawaks made slaves to colonists • Conquistadors • Defeat non-believers, bring them to god and get rich in the process

  12. American Empires • Cortes and Aztecs • Aztec empire only 100 yrs old • Loyalty divided – “new” could offer more • Tlaxcalans • Moctezuma • 1521 defeat – impact of smallpox • Pizarro and the Incans • Taxes, exile and forced labor used to control • Civil war • 1531 Pizarro sets out • Pizarro betrays Atahualpa • Internal conflict leads to splintering

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