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Predynastic History of Egypt: Egypt Before the Pharaohs

Predynastic History of Egypt: Egypt Before the Pharaohs. Evidence suggests that a sophisticated culture existed before the Pharaonic Age Egyptians cultivated wheat & barley, domesticated goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, and domesticated the donkey & the cow

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Predynastic History of Egypt: Egypt Before the Pharaohs

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  1. Predynastic History of Egypt:Egypt Before the Pharaohs • Evidence suggests that a sophisticated culture existed before the Pharaonic Age • Egyptians cultivated wheat & barley, domesticated goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, and domesticated the donkey & the cow • Egyptians made the first pottery, bricks, cosmetic palettes, and war maces

  2. King Narmer (Menes) This double crown was there for the union of the two lands. King Menes and his family formed the first ever Egyptian dynasty. A dynasty is when you have a series of rulers who all come the same family. After King Menes died his son became king, when his son died his grandson became king.

  3. A mural of Narmer (or Menes) conquering Lower Egypt (c.a. 3100 B.C.E.)

  4. The Historical Periods of Ancient Egyptian History

  5. Characteristics of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt MIDDLE KINGDOM OLD KINGDOM NEW KINGDOM • Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods. • Egyptians built pyramids at Giza. • Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom. • Large drainage project created arable farmland. • Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete. • Corruption and rebellions were • common. • Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region. • Powerful pharaohs created a large empire • that reached the Euphrates River. • Hatshepsut • encouraged trade. • Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria. • Egyptian power • declined.

  6. The Crook & Flail • The crook (heka) and the flail or flabellum (nekhakha), are two of the most prominent items in the royal regalia of ancient Egypt.

  7. The Old Kingdom: (c.a. 2700-2200 B.C.E.) • Golden Age of prosperity • Witnessed the construction of the first funerary monuments • Djoser most well-known pharaoh of 5 pharaohs of the 3rd Dynasty • 4th Dynasty—Started with Sneferu and saw the power of the pharaohs reach its climax • Sneferu built 3 pyramids, but his son & successor, Khufu credited with building the Great Pyramid of Giza • Khufu’s son Khafra built another great pyramid & the Great Sphinx • Menkaura—built the last pyramid at Giza and the last pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty

  8. Tomb Complex of Djoser: Second Pharaoh of the Old Kingdom Built the first step pyramid at Saqqara, the largest necropolis in Memphis Designed by architect Imhotep as a stone replica of Djoser’s palace Built entirely from cut cubic stone

  9. - Built on the plateau of Giza at the edge of modern Cairo- Built for the pharaohs of the 4th Dynasty:Khufu, Khafra, & MenkauraArchitecturallyMost impressive of pyramids in EgyptCompletely made of cut stone & largely remain intact today

  10. For administrative purposes, Egypt was divided up into provinces, or nomes. A governor, or nomarch, was at the head of each nome and was responsible to the pharaoh. These governors tended to amass large holding of land and power within their nomes, creating a potential rivalry with the pharaohs. Of special importance to the administration of the state was a vast bureaucracy of scribes who kept records of everything. Armed with the knowledge of writing and reading, they were highly regarded and considered themselves a superior class of men. Their high standard of living reflected their exalted status. Seated Scribe, from Saqqara. c.a. 2400 B.C.E.

  11. The Vizier • Chief advisor of Pharaoh (P.M.) •  Viziers judged most of the cases in their capital courts.  • The Pharaoh appointed two viziers, one for Upper and one for Lower • The vizier was responsible for: • civil law and order • collection of taxes • maintenance of archives • mobilization of troops, • Imhotep: famous Vizier that designed the step pyramid

  12. Decline of the Old Kingdom: (c.a. 2700-2200 B.C.E.) • Old Kingdom: the most stable period • the Pharaoh dominated life • forstalled the emergence of provincial power • but gradually lost power to royal officials • gradual drying of the environment • failure of the Nile to flood on time

  13. The End of the Old Kingdom Relief showing men, women, and children suffering from the effects of severe famine Professor Fekri Hassan examining ancient hieroglyphs which tell of appalling suffering. A third of the population died and the most ordered of empires was brought to chaos. 

  14. The Middle Kingdom: (c.a. 2050-1652 B.C.E.) • Pharaonic power reached its peak • Referred to country’s “Golden Age” due to great heights in pictorial art & literature • Capital in Thebes, not Memphis Deir el-BahriMortuary temple of Hatshepsut from above.

  15. Reform in the Middle Kingdom: (c.a. 2050-1652 B.C.E.) • Successfully reduced the power of the nomarchs & the power over the nomes • Because the power & wealth of nomarchs rivaled that of the pharaoh, Senusret III abolished the nomes • He established a new form of regional government, thus consolidating power in the hands of the pharaoh Senusret III

  16. The Hyksos • Ended the Middle Kingdom in Ancient Egypt by invasion • Semite Peoples • Introduced the wheel and horse to Egypt

  17. Starting in 1567 B.C.E., the pharaoh Ahmose I eventually managed to defeat and expel the Hyksos from Egypt, reuniting Egypt and establishing the New Kingdom (c. 1567-1085 B.C.E.). The New Kingdom was characterized by a new militaristic and imperialistic path. A more professional army was developed. Ahmose and his army driving out the Hyksos.

  18. Egypt duringThe New Kingdom(ca. 1450 B.C.E.)

  19. Amenhotep IV (c. 1362-1347 B.C.E.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief. For the first time, Egyptians became ‘monotheistic’. Changing his own name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”), the pharaoh closed the temples of other gods.

  20. Invasion of the “Sea Peoples” around 1200 B.C.E. The days of Egyptian empire were ended, and the New Kingdom expired with the end of the twentieth dynasty in 1085 B.C.E. For the next thousand years, despite periodic revivals of strength, Egypt was dominated by Libyans, Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians. Egyptian Drawings of Two Different Tribes of Sea People

  21. Late Period (c.a. 747-30 B.C.E.)Alexander the Great as Pharaoh • In late 332 B.C.E., Alexander the Great drove the Persians out of the Nile Valley • Egyptians saw Alexander as a “liberator” & recognized him as a pharaoh • Alexander founded the city of Alexandria, which became a prosperous commercial center and seat of culture

  22. Late Period (c.a. 747-30 B.C.E.)Cleopatra: Egypt’s Last Queen • The most famous Egyptian of all time • She conceived a child (Ptolemy Caesarian) with Julius Caesar • After Caesar’s death, she returned to rule Egypt where she forged a relationship with Marc Antony • Her suicide in 30 B.C.E. brought to an end the last chapter in the 3,000-year story of Ancient Egypt

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