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KAU Rabigh Medical School

Tutorial 7. KAU Rabigh Medical School. Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. Epistaxis. By Razan A. Basonbul, MBBS. Epidemiology. Epistaxis is the most common bleeding disorder of the head and neck. It is estimated to occur in about 60% of the population.

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KAU Rabigh Medical School

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  1. Tutorial 7 KAU Rabigh Medical School Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery

  2. Epistaxis By Razan A. Basonbul, MBBS

  3. Epidemiology Epistaxis is the most common bleeding disorder of the head and neck. It is estimated to occur in about 60% of the population. Most cases require no medical intervention. The majority of cases occur in children <10 and adults >50 years old. More common in Males than Females.

  4. Anatomy • Blood Supply of the nose is through branches of both : • Internal Carotid Artery. • External carotid Artery . • Epistaxis based on the location of bleeding is described as • Anterior. • Posterior. • About 90% of cases occur in the region of the Kiesselbach’s plexus ( Little’s area) along the anterior septum. • It is Susceptible to bleeding due to fragile mucosa and tight adherence to underlying mucosa affording little resistance to mechanical stress. • The usual location of posterior bleeding is the Woodruff’s plexus on the lateral wall posterior to inferior/ middle turbinate.

  5. Little’s area ( Kiesselbach’s plexus) Most common site of bleeding (90%) Contributing arteries: IC  Ophthalmic  Anterior ethmoid EC  Facial  Superior Labial EC  Maxillary  Desending palatine  Greater palatine EC  Maxillary  Sphenopalatine ( terminal branches)

  6. Etiology 80% idiopathic • Local: • Trauma/nose picking • Dry nasal mucosa/ Irritants • Tumors • Medications (nasal steroids) • Foreign body • Allergic rhinitis/sinusitis • Systemic: • Osler-weber-rendu Disease • Coagulopathies • Hemophilia • Thrombocytopenia • Medications (anticoagulants/antihistamines/antihypertensives/anti-inflammatories) • Hypertension / Aspirin! • Systemic infection • Recreational drugs • Alcohol • smoking

  7. Evaluation Initial Assessment History Examination Investigation Management

  8. Initial Assessment ABCs ( Airway, Breathing, IV access) Pulse Oxymetryplaced prior to the physical examand record vitals. Unstable patients should have Intravenous (IV) catheters and fluids started. Ask the patient to blow the nose to allow clots to move out decreasing the bleeding. Sit up the patient with body tilted forward to prevent blood from going down the pharynx. Apply continuous pressure to anterior cartilaginous portion the nose for 5-10 min. If stable take a quick history.

  9. History Make Sure the patient is stable ! Durationof current episode, Amountof bleeding, Location of bleeding, Intermittent VS continuous, recent trauma, prior history and treatment, chronic medicalconditions ( Hypertension, Liver or Kidney Disease, on regular oxygen and ventilators), known bleeding disorders, Medications, recent illnesses, recreational drug use, prior surgeries, herbalmedicines,

  10. Examination • Instruments necessary: • nasal speculum, • light source, • suction, and irrigator. • Inspectthe turbinatesand septum to identify the general condition of the mucosa and location of bleeding. • Examine Oropharynx for clots ( risk of aspiration) • Nasal Endoscopy for chronic, recurrent epistaxis without obvious bleeding source. • Systemic examination for other causes including Neck exam and signs of bruises.

  11. Investigations • For: • Patients with significant bleeding, • known liver or renal disease, • or on anticoagulation therapy. • Do: • complete blood count (CBC), • Type and cross match, • Prothrombin (PT)/partial thromboplastintime (PTT)/ bleeding time , • Liver function tests and Creatinine. • Patients with recurrent, unexplained epistaxis should be evaluated for a hereditary bleeding disorder. The most common one associated with epistaxis is von Willebrand factor (vWF).

  12. Management Correct hypovolemia ( 3:1 role: for every loss of 100ml blood replace by 300ml crystalloid fluid) If hypertensive control with antihypertensive carefully. If known bleeding disorder, replace by appropriate blood component.

  13. Apply vasoconstrictive( Phenylephrine, oxymetazoline [ Afrin ] ) and if necessary, Local anesthetic agents ( Lidocaine ) either directly or on a nasal pledge. If minor Bleeding and stopped afterwards, ChemichalCauterization ( silver nitrate) can be used for localized bleeding. Topical hemostatic agents as Gelfoam, surgicel, floseal can be placed that provides procoagulant effect after cauterization attempts. ( nasal spray is needed for several days to allow resorption).

  14. If bleeding is still active, Nasal Packing is preformed. • Anterior Nasal Packing: • Nasal Tampons and extendable sponges; provide pressure against nasal mucosa • Vaseline Strep-Gauze; placed to posterior choanae, controls most posterior bleeds, Placed for 3-5 days, provided with anti- staphylococcal antibiotics. • Posterior Nasal Packing: • Foley catheter, pneumatic nasal catheter or posterior packing is placed. • Nasal Balloons; ( 2 balloons one in nasopharynx and other in nasal cavity) is advisable • Packing of both sides or posterior packing is an indication for Hospital admission!!

  15. If bleeding persists; • Posterior packing. • Endoscopic cautery. • Endoscopic clipping of the sphenopalatine artery. • Transantral ligation of internal maxillary artery. • Angiograpgy with embolization. • In Summery: Squeeze - Look & Cauterize - Anterior Pack - Balloon - Posterior pack - Surgery or Embolization.

  16. Typical contents of an epistaxis tray. Top row: nasal decongestant sprays and local anesthetic, silver nitrate cautery sticks, bayonet forceps, nasal speculum, Frazier suction tip, posterior double balloon system and syringe for balloon inflation. Bottom row: Packing materials, including nonadherent gauze impregnated with petroleum jelly and 3 percent bismuth tribromophenate (Xeroform), Merocel, Gelfoam, and suction cautery.

  17. Anterior Nasal packing

  18. Posterior Nasal Packing

  19. Nasal Balloon Packing

  20. Complications Complications may occur as a result of any treatment intervention and include: • Infection (localized or spread into surrounding tissues), • Abscess formation, • Septal Necrosis, • Septalhematoma, • Septalperforation.

  21. Questions ?

  22. Take Home Messages • Most common (90%) site of bleeding is Anterior bleeds from Little’s area ( Kiesselbach’s plexus) • Most common cause of epistaxis in children is nasal picking (trauma) and dry mucosa and viral URTIs with frequent nose blowing. • Systemic illness and medications are important causes of nose bleeding in Adults. • Check ABCs and Stabilize the patient first! • “Blow your nose”, “Sit up and tilt forward” and apply CONTINOUS pressure for 5-10 min.

  23. Tips to prevent a nosebleed: • Keep the lining of the nose moist by gently applying a light coating of petroleum jelly or an antibiotic ointment with a cotton swab three times daily, including at bedtime. • Keep children’s fingernails short to discourage nose-picking. • Counteract the effects of dry air by using a humidifier. • Use a saline nasal spray to moisten dry nasal membranes. • Quit smoking. Smoking dries out the nose and irritates it. • Tips to prevent rebleeding after initial bleeding has stopped: • Do not pick or blow nose. • Do not strain or bend down to lift anything heavy. • Keep head higher than the heart.

  24. Admit the person to hospital if: • Epistaxis continues despite efforts to stop the bleeding. • Bleeding from the posterior area of the nose is suspected. • A nasal pack has been inserted in primary care. • Consider admission to hospital if the person is elderly or has a comorbid condition (such as coronary artery disease, severe hypertension, clotting disorder, or significant anemia).

  25. Consider referral to ORL specialist if the person has recurrent episodes and is at high risk of having a serious underlying cause, • Use clinical judgment and consider referral in the following groups: • Males 12–20 years of age — angiofibroma is possible (but rare). • People with any symptoms suggestive of cancer — such as nasal obstruction, facial pain, hearing loss, eye symptoms (proptosis or double vision), or palpable neck glands. • People with a family history of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and suggestive features upon examination — telangiectasia on the lips, mucous membranes, and fingers. • People with occupational exposure to wood dust or chemicals as they are prone to nasopharyngeal cancer.

  26. Thank you  • References: • Books: • Primary care otolaryngology. • Taylor’s Manual of family Medicine. • Otolaryngology head and neck surgery by RazaPasha,MD • Websites: • http://www.entnet.org/EducationAndResearch/cool.cfm • http://www.cks.nhs.uk/epistaxis/management/scenario_recurrent_epistaxis/referral

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