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Second New Deal

The Second New Deal, initiated by Eleanor Roosevelt during the 1936 election, marked a pivotal shift in American politics and society. It facilitated a landslide victory for Democrats while significantly increasing African American support for the party. Key initiatives included the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, the Farm Security Administration, and the Works Progress Administration, which provided jobs and dignity to millions. However, challenges persisted, particularly for women and minorities. Notable figures like Frances Perkins and Mary McLeod Bethune emerged, influencing labor rights and civil rights amid the complex landscape of the New Deal coalition.

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Second New Deal

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  1. Second New Deal

  2. Second New Deal spurred by Eleanor • Underway during election of 1936 • Landslide victory and saw first election in which African-Americans vote mostly for Democrats • At times known as the Second 100 days

  3. Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act- rewards farmers for practicing soil conservation. Needed because the first AAA was shot down by Supreme Court • Farm Security Administration (FSA)- tenant farmers given money to purchase land and aid migrant farmers

  4. Works Progress Administration (WPA)- professionals and youth aided by creation of jobs in areas like construction of roads, airports, and public buildings. Also, aided women and formed sewing groups. “Even when a man raked leaves, he got paid, he had some dignity • National Youth Admin. (NYA)- education, jobs, and counseling to youth. Student aid and part-time positions are examples

  5. Wagner Act- replaced the old NIRA. Aided workers to have the rights to join unions and fought to stop unfair labor practices • Fair Labor Standards Act- max work hours per week and minimum wages implemented. Also, dangerous jobs not available to those under 18

  6. Social Security Act- support for three groups of people-retirees over 65, unemployed, and families of disabled children • What are the problems we see with Social Security today?

  7. Rural Electrification Adm. (REA)- bringing electricity to rural, isolated areas in four years it rose from 48 to 90% coverage • Public Utility Holding Company Act-companies could not own utilities. • Who did this help/hurt?

  8. Impacts of the New Deal • New Deal obviously effected business and the economy, but what about other groups? • Women, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans all saw some sort of impact due to this legislation.

  9. Women • Positives- • Frances Perkins-1st female cabinet member in US history. • Played key role in SS Act creation • Overall increase of 4% in women working

  10. Women continued • Negatives • 1936 Gallup poll-82% of people polled said that if the husband is working, the wife should not be • NRA had a lower minimum wage for women • Groups like CCC only for men or restricted for women

  11. African-Americans • Roosevelt appoints more than 100 Afr. Ams to key positions • Mary McLeod Bethune heads Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Admin. Fighting for equality in that organization • Also helps to form the ‘Black Cabinet’ to advise administration

  12. Continued • Eleanor plays role again • Leaves Daughters of American Revolution after they drop Marian Anderson from show • Then allows her to perform on Easter Sunday at the Linc Memorial • Became inspiring moment for African Americans

  13. FDR does not commit to civil rights • Fear of losing democrats in the south • Refused to approve anti-lynching laws or to end poll taxes • Lower wages to Afr. Am. in NIRA, CCC, TVA • However, still supported his administration as their “greatest hope for the future”

  14. Mexican Americans • 1920’s saw increase in population • Mostly in the Southwest • Mostly farming and migrant work • Wages fell to 9 cents and hour due to lack of fed protection • CCC and WPA aided some, but hurt others by not accepting migrant workers with no permanent address

  15. Native Americans • Different direction taken by the NAs • Looked for independent way of life instead of acceptance into culture • Received strong support through the New Deal • Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 • Away from assimilation and granted autonomy in the following three areas: • Economic • Cultural • Political

  16. Economic • Lands would belong to the tribes • Prohibited govt from taking back unclaimed reservation lands • Cultural • Boarding schools reduced and schools on reservations an option • Political • Ability to elect tribal councils granted

  17. Labor • New Deal Coalition • Diverse groups that back the party and FDR • One group that entered the New Deal Coalition was unionized industrial workers • Their support was gained through Wagner Act success and better working conditions

  18. Struggle for dominance in unions begins • American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Restricted to craft labor-carpentry, electrician • Opposed industry wide unions • Congress of Industrial Organiziations (CIO) • Splits from AFL to support industries like automobile workers • Labor disputes end in violence • Republic Steel in Chicago 1937-10 dead 84 wounded-Memorial Day Massacre

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