Impromptu

1. Impromptu • From What’s your beef, select one of the items under POWER or DISTANCE. Identify one of the areas in which you argue about it in your relationships. Provide a specific example for that area. • How could you improve according to the conflict resolution terms?

2. Impromptu • Find a partner. • Go to the “I” statements worksheet. • One person will read what is on the sheet; the other will give the more positive “I” statement.

3. Persuasive speech “Prove It To Us”

4. Persuasive speech requirements • No manuscript or reading from notecards • (reading = C) • Index cards, post-it notes or PPT acceptable • 6-10 minutes in length (<5 min =D; >10 min = D) • Visual aid =Powerpoint • Turn in: outline & citations (videos, website, etc.)

5. To be eligible for “C” or higher grade • Submit hard copy of outline with works cited prior to speaking • Supply media for recording your speech • Deliver speech on your assigned day • Maintain at least 50% eye contact throughout delivery • Use visual aids • Orally cite all sources throughout delivery

6. Additional five (5) percent deductions include • Not meeting time limit • 30-second under grace period • Wearing ball cap or hat at podium • Chewing gum, candy, etc., at podium • Not dressing appropriately

7. TIP • Material from chapters 7-9 related to Speech Design Process also apply to Persuasive Speech assignment

8. Informing versus persuading • Informing – you want audience to remember specific factual information • They assess for accuracy and store in memory • The life of Bernie Maddoff • Persuading – you want audience to draw conclusions about factual evidence • They critically analyze your reasoning and draw conclusions about whether or not to believe or act on your point of view based on quality of evidence you provide for your claims

9. What does it take to be successful? • Persuasion occurs in small shifts • “Reduce your red meat consumption by 50% … • Persuasion happens over time • … over the course of six months”

10. Purpose statements • Convince • Reinforce • Actuate

11. Ethos, pathos, logos Types of claims Fact Value Policy

12. Building block #1: credibility (ethos) – p.180 • Credibility (ethos) – believability factor of speaker (p.142) • Two ways to demonstrate • Citations • Respecting opposing point of view

13. Citations – what makes you appear knowledgeable • Without citations your speech just opinion • Anecdotal • Puffery • Research your topic and discover experts who agree with your position • “According to Dr. Joel Martin, President of the Pediatric Association of America, Ritalin is still proving to be the best prescription medication for ADD and ADHD children.”

14. Respect opposing points of view – what makes you appear fair and positive • Every argument has at least two sides • Old saying about attracting more flies with honey than with vinegar • “I would be remiss if I didn’t acknowledge the side effects of Ritalin.”

15. Building block #2: logical appeals (logos) – p.180-191 • Logical appeals (logos) - structure and reasoning you build into persuasive message • Types of claims • Fact • Value • Policy • Will influence organizational pattern • Will relate to your goal

16. Claim of fact • Claim of fact - convincing or reinforcing audience that certain contentious factual statement true • After my speech, I want my audience to believe the stock market will drop below 7,000 before it rebounds • After my speech, I want my audience to believe ghosts are real • After my speech, I want my audience to believe a minority candidate will be elected President in 2008 • After my speech, I want my audience to believe Atlantis existed

17. Claim of value • Claim of value – convincing or reinforcing audience that one thing better than another • After my speech, I want my audience to believe that the death penalty has advantages over life imprisonment for capital criminals • After my speech, I want my audience to believe a state lottery is the best way for Arkansas to fund additional college scholarships

18. Claim of policy • Claim of policy – attempting to move audience to action (actuating) • Audience should do • After my speech, I want my audience to donate at the next campus blood drive • After my speech, I want my audience to reduce their fast food consumption by 50% • Someone else should do • After my speech, I want my audience to oppose President Obama’s health care proposal • After my speech, I want my audience to support a bill proposing that high school dropouts cannot have a driver’s license

19. Persuasive organization • Persuasive organization • Statement-of-reasons (fact or value) • Comparative-advantages (value) • Monroe’s motivated sequence (policy) • Problem-solution (policy) • Will depend on your topic • Will depend on your audience

21. Statement-of-reasons • Preferred for claims of fact • Can be used for claims of value • Main points are reasons (evidence) to support your goal

22. Specific goal statement: After my speech, I want my audience to believe Lee Harvey Oswald acting alone assassinated President John F. Kennedy • Thesis: Lee Harvey Oswald acting alone assassinated President John F. Kennedy because he had the motive, the opportunity, and the means. • Main points • A. Oswald had the motive… • B. Oswald had the opportunity … • C. Oswald had the means …

23. Comparative-advantages • Preferred for claims of value • Main points provide advantages (evidence) that your goal has over another

24. Specific purpose statement: After my speech , I want my audience to believe the death penalty has advantages over life imprisonment for capital criminals • Thesis: The death penalty has three advantages over life imprisonment: it saves taxpayer’s money, deters crime, and protects the innocent. • Main points • A. Capital punishment saves taxpayer ‘s money … • B. Capital punishment deters crime … • C. Capital punishment protects the innocent …

25. Problem-solution • Preferred for claims of policy when someone else should do something • Main points are • (A) prove problem, • (B) offer solution, • (C) advantages or practicality of solution

26. Specific goal statement: After my speech, I want my audience to support the Arkansas “ drop-out” bill • Thesis: The problem of high school drop outs can be solved by supporting a bill similar to what other states have enacted. • Main points • A. High school drop-out rates are at an all-time high … • B. A workable solution is outlined in the “drop-out” bill … • C. Similar laws in six states have reduced high school drop-outs an average of 38 percent …

27. Monroe’s motivated sequence • Preferred for claims of policy when audience should do something • Five-part organizational pattern with different outline format: • Attention • Need • Satisfaction • Visualization • Action

28. I. Attention • Make audience think “I want to listen” • Introduction steps • II. Need • Prove problem exists that affects audience • III. Satisfaction • Tell audience what you want them to do • IV. Visualization • Show audience how their world will be better if they do action and worse off if they don’t • V. Action • Convince audience to begin • Conclusion steps

29. Specific goal statement: After my speech, I want my audience to volunteer one day to the area stray cat catch and release program • Thesis statement: You can help reduce the stray cat population in our area by volunteering just one day of your time • I. Attention – introduction steps • II. Need - People don’t spay or neuter their pets • III. Satisfaction - Go to feral colonies , take to vet • IV. Visualization - Reduce population if do, continue to multiply if don’t • V. Action – conclusion steps

30. Problem-solution Motivated sequence • Introduction • Gain attention • Connect with audience • Establish credibility • Preview main points • Body • Prove problem • Provide solution • Compare benefits to consequences • Conclusion • Review main points • Restate connection • Concluding statement • Attention • Gain attention • Connect with audience • Establish credibility • Preview main points • Need • Prove problem • Satisfaction • Provide solution • Visualization • Compare benefits to consequences • Action • Review main points • Restate connection • Concluding statement

31. Reasoning – refers to taking facts, analyzing them, and drawing conclusions • Reasoned argument • Inductive/deductive reasoning • Reasoning from analogy • Causal arguments • How you support your claims

32. Inductive reasoning • Taking some facts and drawing conclusion based on them • Must be tested for accuracy • Are there other conclusions that can be drawn from facts? • Are enough specific instances documented to support conclusion? • Are examples presented typical or simply exception? • How many times do you have to get bad food at a restaurant to conclude that it’s a bad restaurant?

33. Reasoning from analogy • Comparing two concepts and saying what is true of one is true of another • Must be tested for accuracy • Are two cases similar enough to be compared? • You can compare Ft. Smith to Terre Haute, IN, but can you compare it to Dallas?

34. Causal reasoning • Stating one concept is the cause of the other • Must be tested for accuracy • Are there other causes that might produce the same conclusion? • Is Roe v. Wade the only reason abortions are on the rise?

35. Fallacy – error in reasoning • Fallacies of reasoning • Ad hominem • Hasty generalization • False cause • Bandwagon • Circular argument • Appeal to authority • Irrational reasons

36. Ad hominem • Attack against person rather than issue • Some people won’t separate person from issue • How can you support a health care proposal from a Gay congressman?

37. Hasty generalization • When communicators draw conclusions from insufficient facts • Some people won’t gather enough information • My mother smoked three packs of cigarettes a day and lived to be 90. Smoking is not dangerous.

38. False cause • When different cause could have produced phenomena • Some people won’t see but one reason • Because my father was an alcoholic, that’s why I can’t ever trust a man.

39. Bandwagon • You should be allowed to do something because everybody does • Some people won’t resist peer pressure • I stole money from your piggybank because all the other kids in class said they did.

40. Circular argument • When your conclusion same as your statement • Some people won’t have reason • I don’t eat spinach because I just don’t .

41. Appeal to authority • Message relies on celebrity endorsement • Some people won’t question validity of argument • If it’s good enough for Tiger Woods, then it’s good enough for me.

42. Irrational reasons • When you use unrelated or irrelevant reasons to support your conclusions • Some people won’t see real reason • Gun control will help reduce crime because we spend too much money on welfare.

43. Building block #3: Emotional appeal (pathos) – p.191-194 • Emotional appeal (pathos) – allows you to connect emotionally with audience • Types of emotions • Fear • Anger • Pride • Shame • Audiences not persuaded by facts alone • Some people will be touched, others won’t

44. Fear • Making audience fearful of something can motivate them to do something about it • Ex. – “This could happen to you or a loved one.”

45. Anger • Making audience angry about something can motivate them to do something about it • Ex. – “Are you tired of paying too much for textbooks?

46. Pride • Making audience feel good about what they’re doing and what they have • Ex. – “How lucky we are to live in a country with so many freedoms of choice.”

47. Shame • Making audience feel guilty about what they ‘re doing or having • Ex. – “How can you throw away that half of a sandwich when there are starving children in Africa?”