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**Understanding Plant Characteristics**: Explore the World of Plants in Detail

Delve into the characteristics of plants, from eukaryotic structures to adaptations for living on land. Learn about photosynthesis, plant organs, and the diversity of plant species in the Earth's ecosystem. Uncover the evolution and reproduction processes unique to plants.

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**Understanding Plant Characteristics**: Explore the World of Plants in Detail

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  1. What is a plant? Unit 7 Chapter 20

  2. Plant characteristics • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Autotroph: food made through photosynthesis • Cell walls made of cellulose • Cuticle: waxy covering on plant body • May have originated from green algae

  3. Evidence for algal ancestry • Cellulose cell walls in algae and plants • Same types of chlorophyll for photosynthesis and stores sugar as starch • Fossil record dated 440 MYO showed plants without leaves

  4. Adaptations to living on land • Algae are mostly found in water as they have no adaptations to prevent drying out on land. • Plants have structures that enable life on land. • Roots • Cuticle and waxy coats • Protection for gametes (sperm and egg)

  5. Leaves • Plant organ that photosynthesizes • May occur in other plant parts with chlorophyll (ex: stems of cactus)

  6. Roots • Absorbs water and minerals from soil • Helps to anchor plants to ground • May store sugar reserves (taproot)

  7. Stem • Transports water and minerals from roots to branches and leaves • Transports sugar from leaves to storage organs • May store sugars and water (ex: sugar cane, cactus)

  8. Xylem and phloem: specialized cells that transport sugar and water • Xylem and phloem make up vascular tissue • Supports plant life away from water source Xylem: water and minerals Phloem: sugar

  9. Nonvascular plants: plants without xylem and phloem • Mosses, hornworts, liverworts

  10. Nonvascular plants • Simple • Few cell layers thick • Doesn’t need vascular tissue to transport water and sugar because simple diffusion suffices

  11. Reproduction without water • Algae require water to transport sperm to egg for fertilization. • Land plants store food with embryo within a protective coat. This forms the seed. • Seeds are easily dispersed and protected from the environment. Food supply Embryo Seed coat

  12. Seedless plants • Sperm requires small water film to get to the egg. • Spores are formed instead of seeds.

  13. Alternation of generation: plant life cycle Male gamete (n) Female gamete (n) Spores (n) Gametophyte (n) Meiosis Fertilization Sporophyte (2n) Mitosis and cell division

  14. Survey of Plant Kingdom

  15. Liverworts: nonvascular, seedless

  16. Hornworts: nonvascular, seedless

  17. Mosses: nonvascular, seedless

  18. Whisk ferns: vascular, seedless

  19. Club mosses: vascular, seedless • Ancient club mosses form the coal reserves found today

  20. Horsetails: vascular, seedless

  21. Ferns: vascular, seedless • Fronds: fern leaves with spores that grow underneath

  22. Cycads: exposed seed, vascular

  23. Ginkgos: exposed seed, vascular

  24. Welwitschia: exposed seed, vascular

  25. Conifers: exposed seed, vascular, bearing cones

  26. Flowering plants: seeds within fruits, vascular

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