Congress Selects George Washington to Lead Continental Army

1. Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783

2. I. Congress Drafts George Washington • Why did Congress select George Washington to lead the Continental Army?

3. I. Congress Drafts George Washington • Second Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775: • Most important single action—selected George Washington to head army: • Choice was made with considerable misgivings • He never rose above the rank of colonel • His largest command had numbered only 1,200 • Falling short of true military genius, he would actually lose more battles than he won

4. I. Congress Drafts George Washington (cont.) • He was gifted with outstanding powers of leadership and immense strength of character • He radiated patience, courage, self-discipline, and a sense of justice • He was trusted and insisted on serving without pay • He kept, however, a careful list of expenses-$100,000. • Continental Congress chose more wisely than it knew.

5. Washington at Verplanck’s Point, New York, 1782, Reviewing the French Troops After the Victory at Yorktown, by John Trumbull, 1790 T his noted American artist accentuated Washington’s already imposing height (six feet two inches) by showing him towering over his horse. Washington so appreciated this portrait of himself that he hung it in the dining room of his home at Mount Vernon, Virginia. p136

6. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings • What developments and efforts plunged the colonials and British deeper into war, in 1775?

7. II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings • War of inconsistency was fought for 14 months—April 1775 to July 1776—before fateful plunge into independence. • Gradually tempo of warfare increased: • May 1775 Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in upper New York • June 1775 the colonists seized Bunker Hill

8. II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings (cont.) • July 1775, Congress adopted Olive Branch Petition: • professed loyalty to crown and begged king to prevent further hostilities • King George III slammed door on all hope of reconciliation: • August 1775 he proclaimed colonies in rebellion • skirmishes were now treason, a hanging crime

9. II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings (cont.) • He next hired 1000s of German troops • George III needed the men • Because most of these soldiers came from German principality of Hesse, Americans called all European mercenaries Hessians • News of Hessian deal shocked colonists • Hessian hirelings proved good soldiers

10. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775 This British engraving conveys the vulnerability of the British regulars to attacks by the American militiamen. Although a defeat for the colonists, the battle quickly proved a moral victory for the Patriots. Outnumbered and outgunned, they held their own against the British and suffered many fewer casualties. p137

11. The Abortive Conquest of Canada • Why did American forces feel it necessary to invade Canada and what else took place in 1776?

12. III. The Abortive Conquest of Canada • October 1775, British burned Falmouth (Portland), Maine • In autumn, rebels undertook a two-pronged invasion of Canada: • Successful assault on Canada would add a 14th colony and deprive Britain of valuable base for striking the colonies in revolt • Invasion north was undisguised offensive warfare

13. III. The Abortive Conquest of Canada (cont.) • Invasion of Canada almost successful (Map 8.1) • General Richard Montgomery captured Montreal • At Quebec, he was joined by army of General Benedict Arnold • Assault on Quebec was launched on last day of 1775 • Montgomery was killed • Arnold was wounded

14. III. The Abortive Conquest of Canada (cont.) • Bitter fighting persisted in colonies: • January 1776 British set fire to Norfolk, Va. • March 1776 British forced to evacuate Boston • In South, rebels won two victories: • February 1776 against 15,000 Loyalists at Moore’s Creek Bridge in North Carolina • June 1776 against an invading fleet at Charleston harbor

15. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense • How did many revolutionaries make the transition to believing in actual independence?

16. IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense • Loyalty to the empire was deeply ingrained: • Americans continued to believe they were part of a transatlantic community • Colonial unity was weak • Open rebellion was dangerous • As late as January 1776, the king’s health was being toasted—“God save the king” • Gradually colonists were shocked into recognizing necessity to separate.

17. Revolution in the North, 1775–1776 Benedict Arnold’s troops were described as “pretty young men” when they sailed from Massachusetts. They were considerably less pretty on their arrival in Québec, after eight weeks of struggling through wet and frigid forests, often without food. “No one can imagine,” one of them wrote, “the sweetness of a roasted shot-pouch [ammunition bag] to the famished appetite.” Map 8.1 p138

18. IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense (cont.) • 1776 Common Sense by Thomas Paine: • One of most influential pamphlets ever published • Began with treatise on nature of government • Argued only lawful states were those that derive “their just powers from the consent of the governed” • As for king, he was nothing but “the Royal Brute of Great Britain” • 120,000 copies were sold in one week

19. Thomas Paine, by Auguste Millière p139

20. IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense (cont.) • Tried to convince colonists that true cause was independence, not reconciliation with Britain: • Nowhere in physical universe did smaller heavenly bodies control larger ones • So why should tiny island of Britain control vast continent of America

21. IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense (cont.) • Paine drafted foundational document: • American independence • American foreign policy • Only with independence, could colonies hope to gain foreign assistance

22. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” (cont.) • What were Paine’s and other patriots’ viewpoints on republicanism?

23. V. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” (cont.) • Paine also called for a republic: • Creation of a new kind of political society where power flowed from the people • In biblical imagery, he argued all government officials—governors, senators, judges—should derive authority from popular consent: “popular sovereignty”

24. V. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” (cont.) • Paine was not first to champion republican government: • Classical Greece and Rome • Revived in 17th century Renaissance • Appealed to British politicians critical of excessive power in hands of king and his advisers: English Bill of Rights • American colonists interpreted royal acts as part of monarchical conspiracy

25. V. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” (cont.) • Paine’s summons to create a republic fell on receptive ears: • New Englanders practiced a kind of republicanism in town meetings and annual elections • Most Americans considered citizen “virtue” fundamental to any successful republican government

26. V. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” (cont.) • Individuals in a republic: • must sacrifice personal self-interest to public good (greater good, common good) • collective good of “the people” mattered more than private rights and interests of individuals • EC: What political group today would not like this point of view? • GOP, Teaparty, Neocons….. Stress individual over general welfare. • Paine inspired contemporaries to view America as fertile ground for cultivation of civic virtue.

27. V. Paine and the Idea of Republicanism (cont.) • Not all Patriots agreed with Paine’s ultra-democratic republicanism: • Some favored republic ruled by a “natural aristocracy” of talent • wanted an end to hereditary aristocracy, but not an end to all social hierarchy • were conservative republicans who wanted stability of social order • Contest over American republicanism would continue to this day…..

28. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence • How did the Second Continental Congress come to creating the document announcing their independence from Britain?

29. VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence • On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia moved: • “these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states” • motion was adopted on July 2, 1776 • motion was formal “declaration” of independence by colonies

30. VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence (cont.) • An inspirational appeal was needed: • To enlist other British colonies in the Americas • To invite assistance from foreign nations • To rally resistance at home • Congress appointed a committee to prepare a formal statement: • Task of drafting fell to Thomas Jefferson • He was fully qualified for it

31. VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation of Independence (cont.) • The Declaration of Independence: • Formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776 • Had universal appeal by invoking “natural rights” of humankind—not just British rights • Argued that because king had flouted these rights, the colonists were justified in cutting ties • Set forth long list of presumably tyrannous misdeeds of George III • Declaration had universal impact

32. King George III of England (1738–1820), by Johann Zoffany, 1771 America’s last king, he was a good man, unlike some of his scandal-tainted brothers and sons, but a bad king. Doggedly determined to regain arbitrary power for the crown, he antagonized and then lost the thirteen American colonies. During much of his sixty-year reign, he seemed to be insane, but recently medical science has found that he was suffering from a rare metabolic and hereditary disease called porphyria. p141

33. Patriots and Loyalists • Describe the political division in the colonial population.

34. VII. Patriots and Loyalists • War of Independence was a war within a war: • Loyalists—colonists loyal to king who fought American rebels • called “Tories” after dominant political factions in Britain • Patriots—rebels who also fought British redcoats • called “Whigs” after opposition factions in Britain

35. VII. Patriots and Loyalists (cont.) • American Revolution was a minority movement: • Many colonists either apathetic or neutral • Patriot militias played critical role: • took on task of “political education,” sometimes by coercion • served as agents of Revolutionary ideas

36. VII. Patriots and Loyalists (cont.) • Loyalists: • About 16 percent of American people • Families were often split • Many were people of education and wealth • More numerous among older generation • Included king’s officers and beneficiaries • Included Anglican clergy and congregations • Virginia was notable exception

37. VII. Patriots and Loyalists (cont.) • Loyalists entrenched in: • aristocratic New York City and Charlestown • Quaker Pennsylvania and New Jersey • were less numerous in New England • Rebels most numerous where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished

38. A Revolution for Women? Abigail Adams Chides Her Husband, 1776 p142

39. The Loyalist Exodus • How were loyalists repressed by the patriots?

40. VIII. The Loyalist Exodus • Before Declaration in 1776, persecution of Loyalists was relatively mild: • Some faced brutality (tarring and feathering; riding astride fence rails) • Harsher treatment began after Declaration • were regarded as traitors • were roughly handled; some imprisoned; a few noncombatants hung • No wholesale reign of terror

41. VIII. The Loyalist Exodus (cont.) • 80 thousand Loyalists were driven out or fled • Several hundred thousand were permitted to stay • Estates of fugitives were confiscated and sold • Some 50,000 Loyalists fought for British: • Helped King’s cause by serving as spies • by inciting Indians • British did not make effective use of Loyalists

42. General Washington at Bay • Describe the disasters Washington faced in the latter part of 1776?

43. IX. General Washington at Bay • Washington: • Could only muster 18,000 ill-trained troops to meet British invaders at New York, March 1776 • Disaster befell Americans at Battle of Long Island,summer and fall of 1776 • Washington escaped to Manhattan Island, finally reaching Delaware River • Patriot cause was at low ebb as rebels fled across river

44. IX. General Washington at Bay (cont.) • General William Howe did not speedily crush demoralized American forces • Washington stealthily recrossed Delaware River at Trenton on December 26, 1776 • Surprised and captured 1,000 Hessians • A week later he defeated small British force at Princeton • These two lifesaving victories revealed “Old Fox” Washington at his military best Washington Crossing the Delaware, by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851 On Christmas Day, 1776, George Washington set out from Pennsylvania with twenty-four hundred men to surprise the British forces, chiefly Hessians, in their quarters across the river in New Jersey. The subsequent British defeat proved to be a turning point in the Revolution, as it checked the British advance toward Philadelphia and restored American morale. Seventy-five years later, Leutze, a German American immigrant who had returned to Germany, mythologized the heroic campaign in this painting. Imbued with the liberal democratic principles of the American Revolution, Leutze intended his painting to inspire Europeans in their revolutions of 1848. To that end, he ignored the fact that the Stars and Stripes held by Lieutenant James Monroe was not adopted until 1777; that Washington could not possibly have stood so long on one leg; that the colonists crossed the Delaware at night, not during the day; and that no African American would have been present. What Leutze did capture was the importance of ordinary men in the Revolutionary struggle and the tremendous urgency they felt at this particular moment in 1776, when victory seemed so elusive.

45. Tough Times for Loyalists Under the shadow of the tar bucket and bag of feathers shown in the upper right background, these Virginia Loyalists were roughly handled by a club-wielding crowd of Patriots. p144

46. Loyalists Through British Eyes This British cartoon depicts the Loyalists as doubly victimized—by Americans caricatured as “savage” Indians and by the British prime minister, the Earl of Shelburne, for offering little protection to Britain’s defenders. p145

47. New York Patriots Pull Down the Statue of King George III Erected after the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, this statue was melted down by the revolutionaries into bullets to be used against the king’s troops. p146

48. EC Opp • We see a generic battle somewhere in South Carolina. • Who is leading the British forces? • Who is leading the American forces? • Why does Benjamin Martin think the American general is fighting wrong? • What is this type of warfare like? (3) • What colonial troops are the least reliable? Why do you think so? (2)

49. Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion • What developments and events made the British invasion from Canada fail and lead to surrender at Saratoga?

50. X. Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion • London officials adopted intricate scheme to capture Hudson River valley in 1777: • If successful, would sever New England from rest of the states and paralyze American cause: • General John Burgoyne would push down Lake Champlain route from Canada • General Howe’s troops would advance up Hudson and meet Burgoyne near Albany • A third force, under Colonel Barry St. Leger, would come from west via Lake Ontario and Mohawk valley