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Blood Cells and Immune Responses

Explore the structure and function of blood cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, along with the process of blood clotting and the immune response in the human body. Learn about the different types of lymphocytes, antigens, and the complex interactions within the blood vessels.

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Blood Cells and Immune Responses

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  1. Blood Anna L. Kiss Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Semmelweis University Budapest 2017

  2. Blood • Cells + „exracellularmatrix” : plasma • Cells: redbloodcells whitebloodcells granulocytes agranulocytes • Mesoderm

  3. Erythrocytes d:7µm biconcave, no nucleus, limited life time (about 120days)

  4. Haemoglobin: haem+globin protein • transport of molecular oxygen • reverseble binding • hem: iron 2+ containing molecule

  5. Erythrocytes sickle-cell disease: 1 amino acid is changed in the globin molecule: genetic mutation

  6. Leukocytes Granulocytes: segmented nucleus granules inside of the cytoplasm basophyl eosinophyl neutrophyl Agranulocytes: monocytes lymphocytes

  7. Granulocytes: neutrophyls segmented nucleus, granules in the cytoplasm they are ~75% of leukocytes

  8. Extravasatio: white blood cells migrate out from the blood vessels

  9. Granulocytes: basophils Bilobednucleus Granulse: stainedwithbasicdye

  10. Granulocytes: eosinophils allergy, parasitism nucleus:bilobed granules: stainedbybasicdye

  11. Agranulocytes: monocytes professional phagocytes; monocytes/macrophages: macrophages: monocyte/derived cells in the connective tissue and in different organs

  12. Agranulocytes: lymphocytes • smallcells (d:7μm, withlargenucleus • T cells: (thymusderived: killer, helper, supressor etc.) • B cells: • plasmacells: antibodyproduction; • memorycells

  13. Haemopoesis

  14. Platelets (trombocytes) celldebris: containingsecretorygranules

  15. Platelet

  16. Bloodclothing • Bloodclothing: chainreaction • Factors: manyfactorsareinvolved, most of themcomefromplatelets • protrombin (producedintheliver • fibrinogen (globular, watersoluble protein, producedintheliver • fibrin: fibrillarproteins, waterinsoluble • Injury of thebloodvessels: chainreactionstarts, Ca ion prersent

  17. Bloodclothing protrombin trombin Ca2+ fibrinogen fibrin

  18. Immunresponse • Cells: • lymphocytes (T and B) • T lymphocytes: killer, helper, supressor • B lymphocytes: • plasmacells (antibodyproduction) • memorycells • antigenpresentingcells: dendriticcells, • macrophages

  19. Antigenpresentingcells

  20. Dendriticcells

  21. T lymphocytes: • killer cells express antibody on their plasma membrane cellular immunresponse • helper cells: secret interleukins humoral immunresponse: helper cells (T lymphocytes) plasma cells (B lymphocytes)

  22. Cellularimuneresponse: Naturalkillercells

  23. Humoralimmuneresponse

  24. Bloodvessels • 3 layers: • t. intima: endothel+subendothelialconn, tissue • t. media: smoothmuscle +elasticfibers • t. adventitia: connectivetissue internal elastic membrane external elastic membrane

  25. Bloodvessels

  26. Aorta elasticfibersarethedominantinthe t. media

  27. Veinwithvalve Valves. t. intima

  28. Artery and vein more musclecellsinthe t. media

  29. Smallartery and vein

  30. Arterioles, venules. capillaries Smoothmusclecells V A

  31. Capillaries and venules

  32. Röhlich Pál: Szövettan. Budapest, 1999 A szövettani képek a Humánmorfológiai és Fejlődésbiológiai Intézet gyűjteményéből származnak. Carola R, Harley JP, Noback CR: Human Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw-Hill Inc., USA, 1990 Wikipedia

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