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Assessment of Body Proportions

BPK 303. Assessment of Body Proportions. Fall 2013. Height Distance & Velocity Curves. Adolescent growth spurt growth most rapid in first two years. Height Velocity Curves. Indicator of maturity Needs longitudinal data Other “systems” have similar curves. Upper Arm Maturity Gradient.

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Assessment of Body Proportions

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  1. BPK303 Assessment of Body Proportions Fall 2013

  2. Height Distance & Velocity Curves • Adolescent growth spurt • growth most rapid in first two years

  3. Height Velocity Curves • Indicator of maturity • Needs longitudinal data • Other “systems” have similar curves

  4. Upper Arm Maturity Gradient

  5. Adult proportions are a result of complex genetic and environmental influences MaturityGradients

  6. Shape Changes with Age

  7. Proportional Changes

  8. Quantifying Proportions • Allometry • a general assessment • Phantom • a detailed assessment

  9. Allometry • Growth of one part in relation to the growth of another part • Isometry - same proportions maintained during growth (same shape)

  10. Physical Dimensions [L] = Length [T] = Time [M] = Mass

  11. VELOCITY = DISTANCE / TIME = [L]/[T] = [L]1[T]-1

  12. Geometrical Similarity System with increase or decrease in size there is no change in shape or body composition

  13. Geometrical Similarity System Length = [L]1 Mass = [L]3 Time = [L]1

  14. VELOCITY = DISTANCE / TIME = [L]1/[L]1 = [L]1[L]-1 = [L]0

  15. Huxley’s Allometric Curve Y = aXb

  16. Huxley’s Allometric Curve Log10Y = log10a + blog10X Curve is linearized by “logging” both sides “b-value” is used to describe relative growth

  17. Human Architecture Growth - longitudinal As children grow they tend to become more linear, less weight for height Head becomes proportionally smaller Limbs become proportionally longer Adult – Cross-sectional Tall more linear (less ponderous) Tall proportionally longer limbs Tall proportionally weaker

  18. Allometric Analysis Geometrical Expectancy Slope = b = yd/xd Log10 Y [L]yd Actual Data Slope = b = ? Log10 X [L]xd

  19. Longitudinal Allometric Analysis

  20. Cross-sectional Allometric Analysis

  21. Galileo’s Cube-Square Law

  22. Large relative to what?

  23. Doryphorus (Spearbearer) • Polykleitos (750 BC ) • Canon of ideal proportions • Combination of the best parts of 23 men

  24. Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man • Canon of perfect proportions • eg Navel is the centre of the circle described by the hands at head height and the feet when legs describe an equilateral triangle

  25. Standard Score z-score (x - mean) / standard deviation

  26. Phantom is a list of means (P) and standard deviations (s)

  27. Phantom Formula • standard score in comparison to a unisex reference • proportionality score

  28. Geometrical Similarity System with increase or decrease in size there is no change in shape or body composition

  29. Geometrical Scaling d = 1 for linear measures [L]1 (lengths, skinfolds etc) d = 2 for measures of dimension [L]2 (areas, strength) d = 3 for measures of dimension [L]3 (weight, volumes) & weight)

  30. Interpretation of z-values • Phantom is not a norm • Proportionally bigger (+) or smaller (-) than the Phantom (so what?) • Compare z-values

  31. Bivariate Plotting of Z-values 2 1 0 -1 Time

  32. Weight

  33. Sitting Height

  34. Upper Arm Length

  35. Foot Length

  36. Skinfold-adjusted Arm Girth

  37. Proportionality Profile -1 0 1 Weight Arm Length Triceps Skinfold Arm Girth

  38. Standard Error of the Mean

  39. Visual Test of Significant Difference between Means 1 Standard Error of the Mean No significant difference Significant difference

  40. Proportionality Profile -1 0 1 Weight Arm Length Triceps Skinfold Arm Girth

  41. Kin 303Proportionality Profile Fall 2009 Males Black Boxes (n=10) Females Open Boxes (n=15) Means ± 1 SEM

  42. KIN-ScaleProportionality Profile KIN-Scale data composed of data from Kin 303 students 2004-2011. Means and SEMs of z-values for KIN-Scale Males (n=230) and Females (n=336) Visual test of significance allows for a lot of information to be portrayed in one figure

  43. Sexual Dimorphism in KIN-Scale subjects No difference in proportional weight Male-Female difference greatest in: Triceps, Biceps, Front Thigh and Medial Calf Skinfolds Secondary sexual adiposity

  44. Sexual Dimorphism in KIN-Scale subjects

  45. Representative Measures • Muscle Mass • Muscle X-sectional Area • Skinfold-Adjusted Arm Girth – Muscularity Indicator Ga = G - (3.14xS) S G G Ga S = Skinfold Thickness G = Girth Ga = Skinfold adjusted Girth

  46. Girth adjusted for Skinfold at that site s.a. Girth (cm) = Girth (cm) - (Πx Skinfold (mm) / 10)

  47. Sexual Dimorphism in KIN-Scale subjects s.a. Girths are Muscularity indicators Greatest differences between the sexes in the upper body Greatest potential for hypertrophy in the upper body Muscularity profile is very sensitive to the specific activity of the individual

  48. Sexual Dimorphism in KIN-Scale subjects Proportionally larger sitting height in females Males tend to have proportionally longer limbs. Biggest difference in distal segments

  49. Sexual Dimorphism in KIN-Scale subjects Humerus to Femur Width differences reflects muscularity differences Males have broader and deeper chests proportionally. Classic hip-shoulder dimorphism: Males proportionally wider shoulders Females have proportionally wider hips

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