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Biology Review

Biology Review. Organic Compounds. All living things are made of organic compounds. Contain the element Carbon Can make 4 covalent bonds Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates. Monomer- monosaccharide Function- energy source and structure Tests: glucose-Benedicts

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Biology Review

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  1. Biology Review

  2. Organic Compounds • All living things are made of organic compounds. • Contain the element Carbon • Can make 4 covalent bonds • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

  3. Carbohydrates • Monomer- monosaccharide • Function- energy source and structure • Tests: glucose-Benedicts starch- Iodine • Ex. Cellulose, glycogen, starch, sucrose, glucose • End in -OSE fructose

  4. Lipids • Made of fatty acids and glycerol • Function- energy storage and insulation • Tests: brown paper test • Examples: fats and steroids Lipid vs. water

  5. Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA • Monomer- nucleotide • Sugar, phosphate, base (ATCG or U) • Function- carry genetic information

  6. Proteins • Monomer- amino acids • Function- building and repairing cells, communication, transport, and regulation • Tests- Biurets • Examples: enzymes, hemoglobin

  7. Enzymes – type of protein • Catalysts in living things which means they Speed up chemical reactions • Specific to a particular substrate • Reusable • Affected by temperature and pH • Ends in -ASE

  8. Remembering Proteins – P.E.A.R. • P = stands for protein • E = stands for enzyme • A = stands for amino acid • R = Stands for ribosomes

  9. First on Earth were the Prokaryotes Simplest and smallest – all single-celled No membrane bound organelles Bacteria are best example No nucleus: DNA is free-floating in cell Does have ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, DNA, cilia and/or flagella. Cells – 2 Main Types

  10. More complex than prokaryotes (evolved 2nd) Has membrane-bound organelles Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus Multicellular: plants, animals & fungus Unicellular: protozoans Remember: You are a Eukaryote! Eukaryotes

  11. Nucleus • “Control Center of Cell” • Contains DNA in the form of chromosomes

  12. “Powerhouse” of the cell Produces energy in the form of ATP Site of Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) MitochondriaSingular: Mitochondrion

  13. Site of photosynthesis Plant cells ONLY Contains the pigment chlorophyll Chloroplast

  14. Vacuole • Storage of excess materials • Plant cells contain one large vacuole

  15. Ribosomes • Where proteins are synthesized (made) • Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes • Made of rRNA

  16. Surrounds the cell Selectively permeable: - Regulates what enters/leaves the cell Helps maintain homeostasis (internal balance) Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins Plasma Membraneaka: Cell Membrane or phospholipid bilayer

  17. Cell Wall • Surrounds cell and provides support and protection.

  18. Plant Plant Cell Cell wall of cellulose Chloroplast Large central vacuole Plant vs. Animal Cell • Animal Cell • Lysosomes (recycles old stuff) • Can have cilia and flagella

  19. Cell Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Individual organism

  20. cells develop to perform different functions Regulated by genes Cell Specialization

  21. Chemical Signals (hormones) can be sent from one cell to another Receptor proteins on the plasma membrane receive the signal Cell to Cell Communication

  22. Diffusion • Form of passive transport (NO ENERGY NEEDED) across a membrane • MOVE from high concentration to low concentration until evenly distributed • Called moving with a concentration gradient • Going downhill!

  23. Osmosis • Diffusion of water (also passive transport)

  24. Which way will it flow? • Water always moves from a high to low concentration. (cell may swell, shrink, stay same) • Another way to see it: • Higher SALT or Solute Concentration SUCKS the water towards it!

  25. Facilitated Diffusion • Diffusion that requires a transport protein but NO ENERGY

  26. Active Transport • Particles moving against the concentration gradient which REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) • Low concentration to high concentration • Like moving uphill!

  27. Energy storing molecule Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds Cycles between ATP and ADP ATP

  28. Cell Cycle Review • Interphase • Cell growth and protein-making phase • DNA (chromosomes) replicates at the end of interphase. • Mitosis • Normal cell division • Results in two cells that are identical to the parent cell

  29. Mitosis Phase Review - PMAT • Prophase = PREPARING to divide • Metaphase = line up in the MIDDLE • Anaphase = sister chromatids pulled APART • Telophase = TWO nuclei appear in new cells • Cytokinesis = COMPLETE Separation • Plant cell sets down cell plate

  30. Water and Carbon Dioxide are used by autotrophs to produce Glucose and Oxygen H2O + CO2 + light energy  C6H12O6 + O2 Occurs in the chloroplast Photosynthesis

  31. Used to make energy (ATP) for cell with Oxygen Reaction equation is photosynthesis flipped C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP Occurs in the mitochondria Aerobic Respiration

  32. Cellular Respiration • Total ATP made is 36! • 3 steps • Glycolysis which is anaerobic (2 ATP) • Citric Acid Cycle which is aerobic (2 ATP) • Electron Transport Chain which is aerobic (32 ATP)

  33. Anaerobic Respirationaka Fermentation • Does not require oxygen • Not as efficient as aerobic cellular respiration (only 2 ATP vs. 36 ATP) • One products is CO2 (why bread rises) • Yeast and bacteria do this • Two MAIN Types: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation

  34. Obtain energy from the environment Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis “Producers” Obtain energy from other living things “Consumers” Autotroph vs. Heterotroph

  35. DNA / RNA • Carry genetic information • Made of a chain of nucleotides • Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

  36. DNA Double stranded “Double Helix” Four base pairs: ATGC Sugar is Deoxyribose Found in nucleus RNA Single stranded Four base pairs: AUCG Sugar is Ribose DNA / RNA

  37. Base Pair Rule • In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine, and Guanine always pairs with Cytosine

  38. Replication • Making of an identical strand of DNA • “semi” conservative

  39. Central Dogma DNA  RNA  protein  trait

  40. DNAmRNA Occurs in nucleus Complementary mRNA strand is produced from a segment of DNA Transcription

  41. Translation • Connects amino acids in the correct order to make a protein • Occurs in the cytoplasm within the ribosomes A- amino acid B- tRNA C- anticodon D- codon E- mRNA F- Ribosome G-polypeptide

  42. Codon • Sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid

  43. Mutations • Change in DNA code • May cause a change in protein produced • NOT always harmful Sickle Cell Mutation

  44. Asexual Cell division Produces two identical diploid daughter cells Occurs in body cells to grow and repair Mitosis

  45. Cancer • Error in cell growth with causes uncontrolled cell growth • Has environment and genetic variables

  46. Sexual Reproduction Cell Division Produces four different haploid daughter cells (gametes) Occurs in sex cells to form gametes Meiosis

  47. Homologous chromosomes exchange parts of their DNA Creates variation in gametes Crossing Over

  48. Nondisjunction • Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis • Can lead to Down Syndrome, Turners Syndrome, and Klinefelters Syndrome

  49. Asexual One parent Identical offspring Variation only thru mutations Examples: budding, fragmentation, fission Sexual Two parents Offspring different from parents More variation Fertilization (fusion of gametes) Asexual vs. SexualReproduction

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