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DERIVATIVES

This chapter introduces the concept of derivatives, which focuses on how one quantity changes in relation to another. Learn how to calculate derivatives and how they can be used to solve problems involving rates of change and approximation of functions.

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DERIVATIVES

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  1. 3 DERIVATIVES

  2. DERIVATIVES In this chapter, we begin our study of differential calculus. • This is concerned with how one quantity changes in relation to another quantity.

  3. DERIVATIVES The central concept of differential calculus is the derivative.

  4. DERIVATIVES After learning how to calculate derivatives, we use them to solve problems involving: • Rates of change • Approximation of functions

  5. DERIVATIVES AND RATES OF CHANGE The problem of finding the tangent line to a curve and the problem of finding the velocity of an object both involve finding the same type of limit. • This special type of limit is called a derivative. • We will see that it can be interpreted as a rate of change in any of the sciences or engineering.

  6. TANGENTS If a curve C has equation y = f(x) and we want to find the tangent line to C at the point P(a, f(a)), then we consider a nearby point Q(x, f(x)), where , and compute the slope of the secant line PQ:

  7. TANGENTS Then, we let Q approach P along the curve C by letting x approach a. • If mPQapproaches a number m, then we define the tangent t to be the line through P with slope m. • This m amounts to saying that the tangent line is the limiting position of the secant line PQ as Q approaches P.

  8. TANGENTS 1. Definition The tangent line to the curve y = f(x) at the point P(a, f(a)) is the line through P with slope provided that this limit exists.

  9. TANGENTS Example 1 Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y = x2 at the point P(1, 1). • Here, we have a = 1 and f(x) = x2. • So, the slope is:

  10. TANGENTS Example 1 Using the point-slope form of the equation of a line, we find that an equation of the tangent line at (1, 1) is: y - 1 = 2(x - 1) or y = 2x - 1

  11. TANGENTS We sometimes refer to the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a point as the slope of the curve at the point. • The idea is that, if we zoom in far enough toward the point, the curve looks almost like a straight line.

  12. TANGENTS The figures illustrate this procedure for the curve y = x2 in Example 1. • The more we zoom in, the more the parabola looks like a line. • In other words, the curve becomes almost indistinguishable from its tangent line.

  13. TANGENTS There is another expression for the slope of a tangent line that is sometimes easier to use. If h = x - a, then x = a + h and so the slope of the secant line PQ is:

  14. TANGENTS In the figure, the case h > 0 is illustrated and Q is to the right of P. • If it happened that h < 0, Q would be to the left of P.

  15. TANGENTS 2. Definition Notice that, as x approaches a, h approaches 0 (because h = x - a). • So, the expression for the slope of the tangent line in Definition 1 becomes:

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