Astronomy

1. Can you guess what the following pictures are trying to show you? (all answers relate to ASTRONOMY)! Astronomy

2. 2 Answers

3. The Earth is titled at 23.5 degrees. This is one of the reasons why we have seasons! The Earth spins on this axis every DAY. Some planet’s spin faster/slower. Remember: ONE object turning, think a ballerina

4. Careful, the half that faces the sun experiences daylight (It has NOTHING to do with where the axis of rotation is!)

5. Can you guess what this picture is showing?

6. The traveling of one object around another (remember when you hold up two fingers it makes the “v” in revolution) For the Earth, this process takes about 3651/4 days (365.242). Ex. So to go from location B to D would require ½ the amount of time (1/2 a year) The closer to the sun, the less time it takes to revolve around it (ex. Jupiter complete one REVOLUTION before Uranus (tee hee) ).

7. What keeps everything from FLYING into space? Gravity

8. Nearly EVERYTHING in our Universe travels in a counterclockwise direction due to the force of gravity. This includes how ALL the planets revolve around our sun and how MOST of our planets rotate on their axis.

9. More DEAD dudes (beside Newton with his Gravity stuff)… Ptolemy Copernicus Match the fella with his Model Brahe Kepler

10. eliptical What revolves around it? And what revolves around that? What goes in the “middle” of our solar system? Let’s see who got it right! Kepler wins! And what shape are all of their paths?

11. Everything starts out as…? Which is drawn together by…? EVERYTHING: solar systems, planets, stars, comets, ... And creates…? NEBULA GRAVITY

12. Complete the Phrase…. MY Jupiter Mercury VERY Saturn EDUCATED Venus MOTHER Uranus JUST Earth SERVED US Neptune Mars NACHOS

13. It’s all about WHO is WHERE? Why do I see the bright moon at all? The half of the moon facing the sun is reflecting the sun’s light

14. It’s all about how much of the lighted moon I can see. REMEMBER: Wax on, wane off Light from the right, dark from the right I see an almost full (gibbous) moon. When I look on the RIGHT, it’s dark (waning) WANING GIBBOUS I see NOTHING (new moon)

15. CRESCENT Waxing Light on the right To be RIGHT, look on the RIGHT GIBBOUS GIBBOUS EXAMPLE: Waning Dark on the right Dark on right (WANING), sliver (CRESCENT CRESCENT

16. “large” distances “small” distances Measuring Distances in Space Such as… • between planets • between stars and galaxies Measured in… • Light years • Astronomical Units (AU)

17. NEBULA Stars Must have enough: MASS More mass means: MORE GRAVITY Start as: What must happen to be considered a star: NUCLEAR FUSION H + H He

18. You see the part of the sky facing away from the Sun. • The part you see depends on: • Where you are (your latitude) • When you look (we see different places of the sky as we revolve around the Sun.

19. All rocks are made of minerals There are 3 different types of rocks, based on how they’re made

20. Streak The color of the powder left behind on the streak plate.

21. Luster Place your text or links here How “shiny” the mineral is Absorbs light (oily, pearly, dull, waxy, glassy) – Nonmetallic luster Reflects light – Metallic luster

22. Hardness The Moh’s scale is a 1 – 10 scale of hardness. Start by trying to scratch the mineral with your fingernail. Stop when you finally scratch the mineral.

23. Any type of rock can change into a different rock.

24. Always made from cooled molten matter (lava or magma) Turn it into Sedimentary by breaking it up and putting the pieces back together. Turn it into Metamorphic by squishing the rock.

25. When the pieces (sediments and sometimes fossils) are brought together. Can be changed into a different rock similarly to the previous slide.

26. When heat and/or pressure forces the rock into a more compact form.

27. If rock layers are not disturbed, the bottom layer is oldest. You can’t build the second floor of a building without building the first floor first. Third Second First

28. Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core

29. The crust is made of the LITHOSPHERE (rock part of surface) and the HYDROSPHERE (the water layer). About ¾ of the Earth is covered in water.

30. The upper portion of the mantle is the ASTHENOSPHERE. This ooey, gooey layer is heated by the core, the heat rises due to convection. It then cools as it touches the crust, and sinks. The constantly moving convection cells cause the plates of the lithosphere to move and groove.

31. These convection cells are just like the convection cells found in boiling water Click here for animation

32. When these plates are bopping around, we can see or feel the effects where the plate boundaries are.. Earthquakes Volcanoes Mountains Trenches This is the theory of Plate Tectonics

33. PANGEA: it is believed that all land masses were once united and moved due to plate tectonics. Fossils have been found at different locations of the world that could only be explained if the continents were once united.

34. Meteorology

35. Air Pressure Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air A barometer is a tool for measuring air pressure. Falling pressure is (BAD) as it signals a storm. (usually a front is nearby, too!)

36. Breezes move from HIGH pressure areas to LOW pressure areas. Air movement because of pressure differences. Low High

37. Temperature and Pressure These different pressures might result from differences in temperature. COLD AIR WARM AIR Like you bundled up, waiting for the bus. Low High Like you getting too hot from running so you spread out to cool. Packed – HEAVY Light – LOW

38. By day... By night... This moving air is called wind water temperature changes slower than land temperature Some examples of local (small distance) breezes that result because Sea breeze Land breeze

39. Where does this HEAT come from?

40. This heated “ground air” will now rise and heat the rest of the atmosphere by CONVECTION The ground/water/clouds are now heated (not the air) The ground/water/clouds will heat everything it TOUCHES (by CONDUCTION This energy travels (radiates) off of the Sun in all directions.(see yellow arrows)

41. Humidity Relative Humidity % of air that is full 100% = sky leaks (precipitation) Dewpoint Amount of moisture in the air Temperature when the sky is 100% full (precipitation happens)

42. Using a psychrometer Drybulb MINUS Wetbulb Drybulb Temperature

44. Air Masses • A mass of air that has similar temperatures and amounts of moisture. They get these characteristics from their source region (where they form). Polar (cold) Continental (over land, dry) Maritime (over water, moist) Tropical (warm) • As it moves, the characteristics of an air mass change and so does the weather in the area over which the air mass moves.

45. An Example Frigid (Polar) Canadian (continental) Air Mass Moves Southward Will bring cooler drier weather

46. Fronts • When two air masses meet, they form a front, which is a boundary that separates two air masses. • Weather is almost always precipitous (stormy) • The name of the front is who is doing the “pushing”. Colder Air Warmer Air Frontal Boundary Line

47. Which Front? Cold Fronts (think Bully) Warm Fronts (think Wimp) cold, dense air moves into a region occupied by warmer air. warm air moves into an area formerly covered by cooler air. Colder Air Warmer Air Frontal Boundary Line

48. Cold Front: The zone where cold air is replacing warmer air Dry Stormy • In U.S., cold fronts usually move from northwest to southeast • Air gets drier after a cold front moves through

49. Formation of a Cold Front

50. Warm Front: The zone where warm air is replacing colder air • In U.S., warm fronts usually move from southwest to northeast • Air gets more humid after a warm front moves through