Introductory Biochemistry BIOC

1. Introductory Biochemistry BIOC Dr Ebtihaj Jambi Room 2125

2. Books

3. The performance in this course will be evaluated in five areas : home works , lab. Exam and two exams • Home works……………………………………….5% • First exam ………………………………………..15 % • Second exam …………………………………….15 % • Lab. Exam…………………………………….….25% • Final exam ……………………………………….40 %

4. االسياسات الواجب الإلتزام بها: ● تحرم الطالبة من الإختبار النهائي إذا تجاوز غيابها 8مرات بدون عذر ● على كل طالبة الإلتزام بتأدية الإختبارات بالشعبه الرسميه المسجله بها ● التخلف عن أحد الإختبارات الدورية بعذر طبي و ان يكون التقرير الطبي مصدق من جهة حكومية ● إغلاق الجوال أثناء المحاضرة ● الإلتزام باللبس المحتشم وإلا سوف يحسب غياب للطالبة بدون عذر ● تسليم الواجبات في الموعد المحدد ● عدم لبس العباءة أثناء المحاضرة أو الإختبار ●إحضار قلم رصاص الخاص بالتصحيح الألي HB عند تأدية الإختبارات .

5. The important Dates: Section Sat. Mon. 1- The First Exam ……….22/11/1433 2- The Second Exam….....12/ 1 /1434 3- The home work…...........

6. What is Biochemistry? • Biochemistry = chemistry of life. • Biochemists use physical and chemical principles to explain biology at the molecular level. • Basic principles of biochemistry are common to all living organism

7. How does biochemistry impact you? • Medicine • Agriculture • Industrial applications • Environmental applications

8. Principle Areas of Biochemistry • Structure and function of biological macromolecules • Metabolism – anabolic and catabolic processes. • Molecular Genetics – How life is replicated. Regulation of protein synthesis

9. Organization of Life • elements • simple organic compounds (monomers) • macromolecules (polymers) • supramolecular structures • organelles • cells • tissues • organisms

10. Range of the sizes of objects studies by Biochemist and Biologist 1 angstrom = 0.1 nm

11. Elements of Life Most abundant, essential for all organisms: C, N, O, P, S, H Less abundant, essential for all organisms : Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cl Trace levels, essential for all organism: Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn Trace levels, essential for some organisms: V, Cr, Mo, B, Al, Ga, Sn, Si, As, Se, I,

12. Important compounds, functional groups

13. Many Important Biomolecules are Polymers lipids proteins carbo nucleic acids monomer polymer supramolecular structure

14. monomer polymer supramolecular structure Lipids

15. monomer amino acid polymer protein subunit supramolecular structure Enzyme complex Proteins

16. Carbohydrates monomer polymer supramolecular structure

17. Nucleic Acids monomer polymer supramolecular structure

18. Prokaryote Cell

19. Cellular Organization of an E. coli Cell 200 – 300 mg protein / mL cytoplasm

20. Eukaryote Cell

21. Carbohydrate

22. Carbohydrates • Most abundant class of biological molecules on Earth • Originally produced through CO2 fixation during photosynthesis • Carbohydrate are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl group

23. Function • Function, the primary function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body, especially the brain and the nervous system. An enzyme called amylase helps break down carbohydrates into glucose (blood sugar), which is used for energy by the body.

24. Function • Energy storage (glycogen,starch) • Structural components (cellulose,chitin) • Cellular recognition • Carbohydrate derivatives include DNA, RNA, co-factors, glycoproteins, glycolipids

25. The word carbohydrate means • "hydrate of carbon" and derives from the formula (CH2O)n • Glucose (blood sugar): C6H12O6 which can be written as C6 (H2O)6 ; • Sucrose (table sugar): C12 H22O11 which can be written as C12 (H2O)11

26. ●The simpler members of the carbohydrate family are often referred to as saccharides. ● Carbohydrates are classified as • Monosaccharides n≥3 • Oligosaccharides 2-20 • Polysaccharides ≥ 20 depending on the number of simple sugars they contain.

29. Mono­saccharides containing an aldehyde group are classified as aldoses; those containing a ketone group are classified as ketoses. ●There are only two trioses: the aldotriose glyceraldehyde the ketotriose dihydroxyacetone.

32. Monosaccharides • Polyhydroxy ketones (ketoses) and aldehydes (aldoses) • Aldoses and ketoses contain aldehyde and ketone functions, respectively Triose, tetrose, etc. denotes number of carbons

33. Fischer Projection Formulas

35. D- and L-Monosaccharides • The configuration of carbohydrates is commonly designated using the D, L system proposed by Emil Fischer in 1891. • Enantiomer of glyceraldehyde has a specific rotation of + 13.5°; the other has a specific rotation of -13.5°. • Fischer proposed that these enantiomers be designated D and L, but he had no experimental way to determine which enantiomer has which specific rotation.

37. D-glyceraldehyde and L-glyceraldehyde serve as reference points for the assignment of relatively configurations to all other aldoses. • D- dihydroxyacetone and L- dihydroxyacetone serve as reference points for the assignment of relatively configurations to all other ketoses.   ●A D-monosaccharide has the same configuration at its penultimate carbon as D-glyceraldehyde (its -OH group is on the right) in a Fischer projection; ●an L-monosaccharide has the same configuration at its penultimate carbon as L-glyceraldehyde (its -OH group is on the left).

38. Monosaccharides are chiral The number of chiral carbons present in a ketose is always one less than the number found in the same length aldose Number of possible steroisomers = 2n (n = the number of chiral carbons)

39. Stereochemistry • Enantiomers = mirror images • Pairs of isomers that have opposite configurations at one or more chiral centers but are NOT mirror images are diastereomers • Epimers = Two sugars that differ in configuration at only one chiral center

40. D. Amino Sugars N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, (a derivatIve of D-glucosamine), is a component of many polysaccharides, including connective tissue such as cartilage, chitin, the hard, shell-like exoskeleton of lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and other shellfish. Several other amino sugars are components of naturally occurring antibiotics.

42. E. Physical Properties of Monosaccharides ●Monosaccharides are colorless, crystalline solids. ●all monosaccha­rides are very soluble in water. Because hydrogen bonding is possible between their polar – OH groups and water, ● slightly soluble in ethanol and ● insoluble in nonpolar solvents such as diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and benzene.

43. What Are the Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides? we saw that aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols to form hemiacetals. We also saw that cyclic hemiacetals form very readily when hydroxyl and carbonyl groups are part of the same molecule and that their interaction produces a ring.

45. Monosaccharides have hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in the same molecule. As a result, they exist almost exclusively as five- and six-membered cyclic hemiacetals.

47. Cyclization of aldose and ketoses introduces additional chiral center • Aldose sugars (glucose) can cyclize to form a cyclic hemiacetal • Ketose sugars (fructose) can cyclize to form a cyclic hemiketal

48. A. Haworth Projections A common way of representing the cyclic structure of monosaccharides is the Haworth projection, named after the English chemist Sir Walter N. Haworth (Nobel Prize for chemistry, 1937).

49. In a Haworth projection, a five ­or six-membered cyclic hemiacetal is represented as a planar pentagon or hexagon, • six-membered hemiacetal ring is indicated by -pyran-, pyranose • five ­membered hemiacetal ring is indicated by -furan-. furanose • Groups bonded to the carbons of the ring then lie either above or below the plane of the ring. • The new carbon stereocenter created in forming the cyclic structure is called an anomeric carbon. • Stereoisomers that differ in configuration only at the anomeric carbon are called anomers. • The anomeric carbon of an aldose is carbon 1; that of the most common ketoses is carbon 2.