Forestry

1. Forestry Christopher Kelly

2. Physiographic Regions

3. Types of Forests • Coniferous Forests • Cone-bearing trees which do not shed leaves in the winter. • Mostly in colder regions • Conifers are generally referred to as softwoods.

4. Types of Forests • Deciduous Forests • Broadleaf trees noted for brilliant color change in the autumn before the leaves fall • Huge decline due to human population growth • Examples: Oaks, maples, hickories, maples, walnuts, sweetgums, poplars, and many other species

5. Types of Forests • Mixed Forests • Conifers can compete on a more or less equal basis with broadleaf trees. • Transitional zone

6. Types of Forests • Tropical Rainforests • High humidity and heavy rainfall almost daily • Huge diversity • Very little seasonal variance

7. Types of Forests • Mountain Forests • Lush tropical evergreens to wind-twisted conifers. • Indentified by high elevation and temperatures • Alaska, Canada, Rocky Mountains, Appalachian Mountains, Mexico, Central America, and the eastern side of the Andes

8. Importance • Air • Photosynthesis • Reduces carbon dioxide pollution • Windbreaks • Temperature • Buffering winter winds • Shade • Noise • Trees absorb loud noises • Wildlife • Homes for over 400 species • Food: Nuts, berries, and fruit • Soil • Erosion protection • Water • Water Cycle • Trees slow run-off • Chemical trapping • Products • Lumber • Paper • Particle board • Many more

9. Layers (Like Parfait) • Emergent Layer: • tallest trees • habitat for many species of birds • Canopy Layer: • upper layer in a forest with branches, leaves, and tree tops. • habitat for birds, climbing animals and insects. • Understory Layer: • Trees, shrubs, and vines growing beneath the canopy. • Forest Floor: • Organic humus (decaying leaves, twigs and logs) and the soil.

10. Ecological Succession • Primary Succession • First stage of succession in any ecosystem. • Landscape lacks vegetation and fertile soil.

11. Ecological Succession • Late Primary/Early Secondary • Pioneer species such as fungi, lichens and mosses. • Ferns and grasses follow • Seeds carried by animals or the wind take root

12. Ecological Succession • Secondary Succession • Mature Pine Forests • Mature Hardwood Forests

13. Ecological Succession • Climax • Final Stage • Large, old oaks and hickories • Organism variety • Very little forest like this in the US

14. Ecological Succession • Disturbance • Natural Disasters • Tornadoes • Floods • Fire • Disease • Earthquakes • Human Activities • Fire • Timber Harvesting

15. Quiz Time! • What are the six physiographic regions? • Appalachian Plateau • Ridge and Valley • Blue Ridge • Piedmont • Upper Coastal Plain • Lower Coastal Plain

16. Quiz Time! • Which type of forest is known for primarily having trees referred to as softwoods? • Coniferous Forests!!

17. Deciduous Forests Quiz Time! • What type of forest is known for having trees such as oaks, maples, hickories, maples, walnuts, sweetgums, and poplars?

18. Quiz Time! • Tropical Rainforests are known for which of the following? A.) Very little seasonal variance B.) Mostly in colder regions C.) Huge diversity D.) Lush tropical evergreens to wind-twisted conifers. E.) Broadleaf trees noted for brilliant color change in the autumn before the leaves fall

19. Quiz Time! • Name at least 8 reasons forests are important. • Air • Photosynthesis • Reduces carbon dioxide pollution • Windbreaks • Temperature • Buffering winter winds • Shade • Noise • Trees absorb loud noises • Wildlife • Homes for over 400 species • Food: Nuts, berries, and fruit • Soil • Erosion protection • Water • Water Cycle • Trees slow run-off • Chemical trapping • Products • Lumber • Paper • Particle board • Many more

20. Quiz Time! • Name the orders of succession • Primary • Late primary/early secondary • Secondary • Mature pine forests • Mature hardwood forests • Climax • Disturbance

21. Forestry Mark 2 By Ben Patrick

22. Forestry, A History

23. Germany… • Forestry started in the 1770s • Dr. Carl Schenck • Managed Biltmore Estate forests in NC. • Founder of Forestry in America

24. Forestry Organizations • 1880- Division of Forestry, Department of Interior. • The Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (b/c it grows trees)/water, timber, fish and wildlife, range, and recreation. • 1925 & 1949-The GA Forestry Commission, located in Macon, provides help with anything forestry related.

25. Tools • Increment borer- bores into tree to take a core sample and tells how old it is. • Biltmore stick- tells how many merchantable logs you can get out of it. • Little Glass- wedge prism- used to determine whether a tree is within a certain plot. • Clinometer- used to determine slope. • Diameter tape- to find DBH for the tree.

26. EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Plant diseases

27. Southern Pine beetle • Kills pine trees. • Effects industry and recreation. • Concern to just about everyone. • Occurs in America and Central America • Way to kill = strategically cutting trees

28. Bagworms • Defoliates Conifers and various hardwoods. • Females spend their whole lives in bags. • Ways to kill = Handpicking and killing.

29. Gypsy Moth • Brought from UK in 1869. • Defoliates conifers and hardwoods. • Travel via recreational vehicles mostly. • Ways to kill = fake sex attractants and parasitic predators.

30. Ips Engraver Beetle • Attack Pine trees. • Strangle tree with eggs in the bark. • It carries the Blue-Stain Fungus with it. • Way to kill = not mentioned

31. Fusiform Rust • Southern Pine tree disease. • Fungus causes stem to canker. • Can infect oak leaves. (brown hair in late spring) • Ways to kill = cut off infected plants, but not permanent.

32. Red Heart Disease • Occurs in mature conifers • Fungus comes in through dead branch stubs • Causes an easily available habitat for wood peckers (specifically the RCW) • Ways to kill = pruning dead branches

33. Hemlock Wooly Edelgid • Aphid like sap sucking insect. • Attacks specifically Hemlock at the needle-branch intersection. • From Asia. • Way to kill = pesticides or “biological control”

34. Dogwood Anthracnose • Leaf spots, stem cankers, kills shoots also. • Fungus infects twigs first and continues to spread throughout the tree. • Ways to kill = prune infected areas and burn them. Improve conditions around the tree so it isn’t easy for the fungus to grow

35. Chestnut Blight • Endothia parasitica fungus. • Introduced by Chinese Chestnut imports. During the 1920s • Fungus wiped out most chestnut trees in apalachia. • Can spread to Post oak also.

36. Types of Roots and Parts of Ents

37. Parts of a Tree • Trunk: • Heartwood- aged sapwood. Part of xylem. • Sapwood- transports water up, part of xylem. • Cambium- thin layer from which new cells are formed. • Phloem- Fibrous tissue carries sugar down. • Bark- please tell me you know what this is

38. Roots (by: Alex Haley) • Roots-Hold tree/ground and collect water and nutrients (P,K,N,etc.) • Taproot- main support • Lateral root- help support and anchor, spread. • Feeder root- Capture nutrients and hold soil. • Sinker- grow downward (from laterals) and deep for nutrients and possible water.