The World of Bacteria: Shapes, Parts, and Functions

1. Bellringer There are three shapes of bacteria: Spirilla Coccus ________

2. Bacteria THEY ARE EVERYWHERE!!!

3. Bacteria • PROKARYOTES- GENETIC MATERIAL IN THEIR CELLS IS NOT CONTAINED IN A NUCLEUS • Most known prokaryotes are BACTERIA • ONE CELLED ORGANISMS • LIVE ALMOST ANYWHERE

4. Parts of a Bacterial Cell • Capsule • Container surrounding the cell wall

5. Parts of a Bacterial Cell • Cell Wall • outer covering that protects the cell • Cell Membrane • Controls what goes in and out of the cell (also called plasma membrane)

6. Parts of a Bacterial Cell • Cytoplasm • Gel-like material inside the cell membrane • Ribosomes • Chemical factories where proteins are produced

7. Parts of a Baceterial Cell • DNA • Genetic material • Contains instructions for all of the cell’s functions

8. Parts of a Bacterial Cell • Flagellum • Plural Flagella • Long, whip-like structure to help cell move • May have many, 1, or none • Most do not have any & are carried from place to place by: • Air • Water currents • Other objects

9. Cell Size • Largest • Size of a period in a sentence • Normal • Measured in micrometers- 1 millionth of a meter • Need microscope to see!!

10. 3 Bacterial Shapes • Cocci (Coccus) • Spherical

11. 3 Bacterial Shapes • Bacilli (Bacillus) • Rod-shaped

12. 3 Bacterial Cell Shapes • Spirilla (Spirochetes) • Spiral Shaped

13. Obtaining Food & Energy • Bacteria must have: • A source of food • A way of breaking down the food to release its energy • Bacteria are both autotrophs and heterotophs

14. Obtaining Energy • Autotroph • Make their own food by: • Capture and use sun’s energy (like plants do) • Use energy from chemical substances in their environment to make food Examples: bacteria in pond cause the green cloudy scum in water, bacteria in hot springs use chemical energy to make food

15. Obtaining Energy • Heterotroph • Consume other organisms or the food other organisms make • Example: bacteria in yogurt breaks down the sugars in milk for food

16. Obtaining Food and Energy: Releasing Energy • Respiration • Process of breaking down food to release energy • Aerobic bacteria- use oxygen for respiration • Anaerobic bacteria- do not use oxygen for respiration - Some can’t even survive around oxygen

17. Bacterial Reproduction • When bacteria have: 1. Plenty of food 2. Correct temperature 3. Suitable conditions they thrive and reproduce frequently. Some can reproduce as often as every 20 minutes!!!!!!

18. Bacterial Reproduction • Asexual • Involves only 1 parent and produces offspring identical to the parent • Most bacteria reproduce this way- it is called BINARY FISSION • Cell duplicates the genetic material • Cell divides into 2 separate cells

19. Binary Fissionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLpFJ1JeRYs

20. Bacterial Reproduction • Sexual • Two parents combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents • Sometimes occurs • Called: • CONJUGATION

21. Bacterial Reproduction • Conjugation • Thread-like bridge between bacteria • One transfers DNA to another • Cells separate • Bacteria has new genetic material • Divides by binary fission producing new bacteria that are genetically different from the parent cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-EdX4MaMFE http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week7/bacterial_conjugation.mov

22. Bacterial Reproduction • Endospore Formation • Sometimes conditions are harsh for bacteria to survive • Form Endospores for survival • Endospores- small, rounded, thick-walled, restless cell that forms inside a bacterial cell • Contains cells genetic material & cytoplasm

23. Role of Bacteria in Nature • Most bacteria are harmless/helpful to humans • Bacteria are involved in 1. Oxygen and food production 2. Environmental recycling and cleanup 3. Health maintenance 4. Medicine production

24. The Role of Bacteria in Nature • Autotrophic bacteria use sun’s energy to produce food and release oxygen • First autotrophic bacteria responsible for adding oxygen to our atmosphere

25. The Role of Bacteria in Nature • Food Production • Bacteria help make • Cheese • Sauerkraut • Pickles • Milk and other foods goes through pasteurization- • Food is heated up to temperature that is high enough to kill harmful bacteria without changing the taste of that food • Named after Louis Pasteur

26. The Role of Bacteria in Nature • Environmental Recycling • Heterotrophic Decomposers • Organisms that break down large chemicals in dead organisms into small chemicals • “Natures Recyclers” • Bacteria break down leaves on ground • Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria • Live in soil and swellings on the roots of plants • Convert nitrogenous gas from air into nitrogen products plants need

27. The Role of Bacteria in Nature • Environmental Clean-up • Oil eating bacteria • Convert poisonous chemicals in oil into harmless substances • Used in oil spills and gas leaks

28. The Role of Bacteria in Nature • Health and Medicine • Bacteria in your digestive system • Digest food • Make vitamins • Compete with disease causing organisms preventing harmful bacteria

29. The Role of Bacteria in Nature • Medicine • 1970’s- the first medicine producing bacteria was discovered • Insulin producing bacteria for diabetics

30. Bacteria • What are the five ways to “kill” bacteria? • What are the three shapes of bacteria?