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VECTOR CONTROL. Parties Caterers Small towns/cities Backyards/homes Cabins Golf courses Resorts Campgrounds. Business facilities Parks Outdoor weddings Church events Ball parks City/civic events Theme parks. SERVING THE FOLLOWING MARKETS:. MOSQUITO AS VECTORS.
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Parties Caterers Small towns/cities Backyards/homes Cabins Golf courses Resorts Campgrounds Business facilities Parks Outdoor weddings Church events Ball parks City/civic events Theme parks SERVING THE FOLLOWING MARKETS:
MOSQUITO AS VECTORS These “vectors” are the #1 killers of human beings throughout the world: • Malaria – from Anopheles species • Yellow Fever – from Aedes species • Dengue – from Aedesspp. (recent outbreak in Hawaii) • Encephalitis diseases – many kinds, including WestNileVirus – most species are capable of spreading it, but Culex is the most important in New Jersey
WEST NILE CASES • First detected in US in 1999 • 1999 62 cases of Severe WNV 7 deaths all in New York City area. • 2000 21 cases 2 deaths all in NYC area. • 2001 66 cases 9 deaths. • 2003 9122 cases 223 deaths nation wide.
WEST NILE VIRUS • The virus is stored in the mosquito’s salivary gland and is transmitted when the mosquito takes a blood meal. • As of January 2004 – 37 species of mosquitoes have tested positive for the WNV
WEST NILE VIRUS • 37 Mosquito Species can be infected with WNV. • Culex is primary vector (Southern House Mosquito) breeds in septic water. • Not spread person to person or animal to animal. • Dead birds in area indicator (Jays & Crows) 40-60% mortality. Sparrows are probably main transmitter as WNV propagates at high levels in blood • People over 50 highest risk of infection • Most serious manifestation of WNV is fatal encephalitis type (inflammation of the brain).
NEW JERSEY LICENSING • CATEGORY (8B) MOSQUITO • ONLY CATEGORY THAT WILL COVER APPLICATIONS FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL IN NEW JERSEY
LIFE CYCLE • All mosquitoes undergo complete metamorphosis and have four distinct stages in their life cycle: Egg, larva, pupa and adult. • The eggs, larva and pupa life stages are all aquatic; the adults are terrestrial.
MOSQUITO BIOLOGY • All mosquitoes must have water in which to complete their life cycle. • Mosquitoes never develop in grass or shrubbery, although the flying adults frequently rest there during daylight hours. • Only female mosquitoes feed on blood – males feed on nectar and other plant juices • Female mosquitoes may travel up to 30 miles from their breeding location
MOSQUITO BIOLOGY • Eggs laid directly on water usually hatch within 2 or 3 days • Eggs laid by the “tree hole” or “flood water” species – in pockets that will later fill with water – can survive up to 5 years without hatching if water is not present
MOSQUITO EGGS • When first deposited eggs are white; they become dark brown to black within an hour or two. • Shape varies, with most being football or boat shaped. • Species may be divided by where and how they lay their eggs.
LARVAE OR WIGGLERS • Growth and development phase. • Head capsule equipped with a pair of well developed biting jaws or mandibles. • Abdomen contains a siphon tube (for breathing) in most species. Larva will be seen near the surface of water with the breathing tube protruding. • Most feed on plankton, decaying organic matter, some are predaceous.
LARVAE • Development time varies by species, available food and temperature. May be as few as 5 days or as long as 30 days or even more.
PUPAL STAGE • Called tumblers, shaped like a comma • Non-feeding stage • When undisturbed congregate at surface of water. • Disturbed – tumble toward the bottom of pool.
PUPAL STAGE • Depending on spp and temperature, pupal stage may only last 1 or 2 days or up to 10 or more.
AEDES AEGYPTI • AEDES AEGYPTI IS THE PRIMARY VECTOR OF HUMAN DENGUE FEVER AND YELLOW FEVER • SURVIVAL IS POOR IN HOT DRY CLIMATES • MEDIUM SIZED BLACKISH MOSQUITO • HAS SILVERY WHITE LYRE-SHAPED PATTERN ON SCALES
AEDES AEGYPTI • EGGS ARE DEPOSITED ON DAMP ARTIFICIAL CONTAINERS • ONE OF TOP PRODUCERS IN TIRE PILES OR CONTAINERS • EGGS CAN RESIST DESSICATION FOR UP TO ONE YEAR • EGGS HATCH WHEN FLOODED BY DEOXYGENATED WATER • LARVAE DEVELOP FROM EGG TO ADULT FROM 4-10 DAYS.
AEDES AEGYPTI • FOUND ABUNDANTLY IN TOWNS AND CITIES • EARLY MORNING OR LATE AFTERNOON FEEDERS • PREFERS HUMAN BLOOD OVER OTHER MAMMALS • WILL FREQUENTLY RESIDE INSIDE HOMES • DOES NOT SURVIVE FREEZING TEMPERATURES (EGG OR ADULT)
AEDES VEXANS • LAYS DESSICATION RESISTANT EGGS • PRIMARILY IN FRESH FLOODWATER GROUND DEPRESSIONS • CONSIDERED A FLOODWATER MOSQUITO • WILL OVERWINTER IN EGG FORM
AEDES VEXANS • RELYS ON SUMMER RAINS TO FLOOD LOW LYING GROUND DEPRESSIONS • GOES THROUGH ACCELERATED LARVAL DEVELOPMENT • CAN EMERGE AS AN ADULT 4-5 DAYS AFTER EGG HATCH
CULEX PIPIENS • CONSIDERED THE HOUSE MOSQUITO OF THE USA • IS A LIGHT BROWN MOSQUITO WITH NO DISTINCTIVE MARKS • WILL BREED IN STORM DRAINS, POLLUTED POOLS, DITCHES, SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS AND ANY POLLUTED BODY OF WATER
CULEX PIPIENS • Lays non-dessication resistant eggs • Must lay directly on water for eggs survival • Eggs hatch in 1-2 days • Larvae thrive in polluted water habitat • Overwinters as a mated female • Most common vector of St. Louis
ASIAN TIGER MOSQUITO • ALSO KNOWN AS AEDES ALBOPICTUS • WAS INTRODUCED INTO TEXAS IN 1985 • WAS FOUND IN NJ IN 1995 • KNOWN AS A CONTAINER BREEDER • LAYS DESSICATION RESISTANT EGGS ON THE SIDE OF CONTAINERS
ASIAN TIGER MOSQUITO • EASY TO IDENTIFY WITH WHITE STRIPES ON IT’S LEGS AND ABDOMEN • PREFERS TO BREED IN TIRES BUT WILL LAY EGGS IN ANY CONTAINER • IS A PEST TO HOMEOWNERS BECAUSE IT WILL FEED DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS AS WELL AS AT DUSK
BREEDING SITES MOSQUITOES FREQUENT
