Development and Energy in Africa

1. Development and Energy in Africa An example of MDG impact assessment: MFP in Mali – UNDP study

2. Warning! • We will not restrict ourselves in DEA to MDG impact • This is just an example • There are shortcomings and limitations • But it illustrates a possible starting point

3. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: The role of energy services – UNDP 2005 • case studies from Brazil, Mali and the Philippines • focus on Mali – the Multifunctional Platform • How does the MFP impact on 5 of the MDGs? • MFPs in 12 villages

4. The Multifunctional Platform supports a simple diesel engine that can power different tools : cereal grinding mills, de-huskers, oil presses, joinery and carpentry tools … Engine De-husker Oil press Grinding mill Saws… Battery charging

5. Example: Mali Multifunctional Platform Contributions to achieving MDG Goals and Targets Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Increased, diversified income for women: greater productivity in agro processing; more time and energy for in income-generating activities • Increased, diversified income for men • Increased and more diversified food production • Income to purchase food in food deficit areas

6. Example: Mali Multifunctional Platform Contributions to achieving MDG Goals and Targets Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education • Increased school attendance as less child labour is needed • Increased income to cover schooling costs • More girls going to school

7. Example: Mali Multifunctional Platform Contributions to achieving MDG Goals and Targets Goal 3: Promote gender equality, empower women • Reduced girl-specific labour leads to higher educational performance, attendance for girls • Women’s increased leverage as owners and managers of modern energy-based enterprises • More time for rest, physical and mental recuperation essential for learning activities

8. Example: Mali Multifunctional Platform Contributions to achieving MDG Goals and Targets Goal 5: Improve maternal health • Improved access tohealth services because of increased income • Reduce workloads contributing to improved health • Substitute inefficient traditional biomass fuels and reduce indoor air pollution

9. Example: Mali Multifunctional Platform Contributions to achieving MDG Goals and Targets Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability • Cleaner energy services can encourage a better management of natural resources, including better water quality

10. Can this be quantified and documented?

11. Impacts of MFP

12. Energy Service: Motive Power Greater Productivity in Agro-processing Time Savings Increased Income Generating Opportunities Increased Rice Production and Consumption Better Educational Opportunities for Girls Better Health Opportunities for Women MDG 1 MDG 2 MDG 3 MDG 4 MDG 5 Time savings – impacts on MDGs Multifunctional Platform

13. Time saved grinding cereals

14. Time saving • grinding cereals + dehusking rice • average time saving 2.5 hours per day

15. MDG 1: Poverty reduction • increased revenue generation • of 127 women interviewed, 89 (70%) reported increase in revenues after introduction of the MFP • average annual increase $68 per woman • rural Mali average per capita income from agriculture is $122 • significant increase

17. Other MDGs • similar information and impacts for impacts on the other MDGs: Education, Gender Equality, Health • e.g girl/boy ratio in primary school

18. Conclusions of the study 1. Modern energy services can can make significant contribution to improving livelihood of rural poor in: • poverty alleviation • education • gender equality • health

19. Conclusions of the study (continued) 2. Lessons for policy • Increase the role of rural energy services in macro-scale/national poverty reduction strategies • Couple provision of energy services with productive activities • Reduce gender bias of rural energy poverty • Focus on modernizing energy services for food processing, agriculture cooking and rural enterprises to maximise the impact of energy interventions

20. But ….. • How reliable is the methodology? • Are the results convincing enough to draw these policy lessons? • Does it provide an example of an approach that can be replicated for other energy interventions? • Main weakness: It says little about the causal links between the intervention and the MDG impact.

21. To get this kind of information it is necessary to look at each installation (i.e. village) separately, collect data on income increases, production, school attendance • necessity of interviews, surveys • expensive!

22. Analytical Limitations • Small sample size (data from 12 villages, 1267 women) out of 394 platforms serving 80,000 women. Therefore caution to be exercised in generalising the results. • No control group: study does not control for overall development of villages without MFPs. • Unrepresentative sample: villages concentrated in one area • Low explanatory power: does not control for other non-MFP factors, e.g. educational or health reforms, that may have contributed to these results

23. We must consider these limitations in designing the Assessment Framework so that it can be generalised to different kinds of projects, different institutional and national settings, etc.