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Chapter 6 Systems Development Steps, Tools, and Techniques

Chapter 6 Systems Development Steps, Tools, and Techniques. MAIN MAP. KW = Knowledge Workers SDLC = Systems Development Life Cycle. Plan Analyze Design Develop Test Implement Maintain. INTRODUCTION. Why do businesses build information systems ?

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Chapter 6 Systems Development Steps, Tools, and Techniques

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  1. Chapter 6 Systems Development Steps, Tools, and Techniques Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  2. MAIN MAP KW = Knowledge Workers SDLC = Systems Development Life Cycle Plan Analyze Design Develop Test Implement Maintain Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  3. INTRODUCTION • Why do businesses build information systems ? • How does a business know when it is time to replace the old information system with a new one ? • TYPICALLY: Knowledge workers will request new systems to help them perform their work. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  4. INTRODUCTION • Developing of an information system may fail. • There are many factors that must be considered and come together in order to develop a successful information system. • The SDLC = Systems Development Life Cycle is one approach to reduce the risk of failure. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  5. Introduction • Systems development life cycle (SDLC) - a structured step-by-step approach for developing information systems. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  6. INTRODUCTION • In this chapter we focus on: • Seven Phases In The Systems Development Life Cycle • Knowledge Workers and Their Roles In The Systems Development Life Cycle • Why Systems Fail • Sourcing • In sourcing • Self sourcing • Outsourcing • Prototyping Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  7. 7 PHASES OF SDLC KW = Knowledge Workers SDLC = Systems Development Life Cycle Plan Analyze Design Develop Test Implement Maintain Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  8. Seven Phases in the SDLC • There are literally hundreds of activities associated with each phase of the SDLC • Such activities include: • Determining budgets • Gathering systems requirements • Documentation • Modeling Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  9. Seven Phases in the SDLC Figure 6.2Important Activities in the Systems Development Life Cyclepage 219 Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  10. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 1: Plan Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Activities • Define the system to be developed. • Set the project scope. • Develop the project plan including tasks, resources, and timeframes. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  11. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 1: Plan Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Planning phase - involves determining a solid plan for developing your information system. • The three of the most important activities involved during the planning phase: • Identify and select the system for development • Set project scope • Develop project plan Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  12. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 1: Plan Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Identify and select the system for development • Key question: “What systems are required to support the strategic goals of your organization?” • KW generate proposals to build new information systems when they are having a difficult time performing their jobs. • Companies cannot develop all proposed IS, so they look into the critical success factors. • Critical success factor (CSF) - a factor simply critical to your organization’s success. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  13. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 1: Plan Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Once the system to be developed in defined, then the project needs to be scoped. • Set project scope - clearly defines the high-level system requirements. • It is a birds-eye-view of the project. • Projectscope document - a written definition of the project scope and is usually no longer than a paragraph. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  14. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 1: Plan Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Developing a project plan is the final activity of the planning phase. • Project plan - defines the what, when, and who questions of system development including all activities to be performed, the individuals, or resources, who will perform the activities, and the time required to complete each activity. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  15. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 1: Plan Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • The project plan should include: • Project milestones - represent key dates for which you need a certain group of activities performed. • Project manager - an individual who is an expert in project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan and tracks the plan to ensure all key project milestones are completed on time. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  16. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 2: Analysis Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • The analysis phase involves • The end users • The IT specialists Working together • To understand and • Document the business requirements for the system. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  17. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 2: Analysis Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Gather Business requirements - the detailed set of knowledge worker requests that the system must meet in order to be successful. • Key activity = Gathering clearly defined business requirements. • Gathering business requirements = investigation. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  18. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 2: Analysis Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • A useful way to gather system requirements is: • Joint application development (JAD) - knowledge workers and IT specialists meet, sometimes for several days, to define or review the business requirements for the system. • Requirements definition document – prioritizes the business requirements and places them in a formal comprehensive document. • Sign-off - the knowledge workers’ actual signatures indicating they approve all of the business requirements. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  19. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: Design Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • The primary goal of the design phase • Build the technical architecture required to support the system. • This includes • Design of the technical architecture • Design system models. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  20. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: Design Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Technical architecture – • Defines the hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment required to run the system. • The final architecture must meet you needs in terms of • Time • Cost • Technical feasibility • Flexibility Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  21. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: Design Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • It is important to ensure that the final architecture meet • Current system needs • Future system needs Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  22. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: Design Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Modeling - the activity of drawing a graphical representation of a design. • You model everything you build including • Reports • Programs • databases Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  23. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: Design Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • There are many different types of modeling activities performed during the design stage • Graphical user interface (GUI) • The interface to an information system. • the ability to model the information system screens for an entire system. • Entity relationship diagram • Data flow diagram • Flowcharting Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  24. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: Design Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain Figure 6.3Graphical User Interface (GUI) Screen Designpage 222 Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  25. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 4: Development Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Development phase • Take all of your detailed design documents from the design phase and transform them into an actual system. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  26. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 4: Development Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Activities during this phase include • Coding programs • Creating databases • Deploying the telecommunications equipment • Installing hardware and software • In other words • Build the technical architecture. • Build the database and programs. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  27. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 5: Test Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Testing phase • Verifies that the system works and meets all of the business requirements defined in the analysis phase. • Test conditions - the detailed steps the system must perform along with the expected results of each step. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  28. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 5: Test Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Testing is critical • Must have test plans • Write the test conditions. • Perform the testing of the system. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  29. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 6: Implement Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Implementation phase • Bringing the system into life by placing it in the organization • During this phase • You distribute the system to all of the knowledge workers and they begin using the system to perform their everyday jobs. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  30. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 6: Implement Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • During this phase • You distribute the system to all of the knowledge workers and they begin using the system to perform their everyday jobs. • You create User documentation • Highlights how to use the system. • You perform training to the employees to use the system Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  31. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 6: Implement Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Online training - runs over the Internet or off a CD-ROM. • Workshop training - is held in a classroom environment and lead by an instructor. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  32. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 7: Maintain Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Maintenance phase • It is the final phase of the system development effort • Monitor and support the new system to ensure it continues to meet the business goals. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  33. Seven Phases in the SDLCPhase 7: Maintain Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain • Once the system is in place you need to provide support • Build a help desk to support the system users. • Provide an environment to support system changes. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  34. KW & ROLES IN SDLC KW = Knowledge Workers SDLC = Systems Development Life Cycle Plan Analyze Design Develop Test Implement Maintain Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  35. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC • Your participation in the systems development process is vitally important because you are (or will be) a: • Business process expert • Liaison to the customer • Quality control analyst • Manager of other people Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  36. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCPlan • The role KW play in the planning phase is • Define which systems are to be developed. • Define the • project scope, • project plan, and • project milestones. • Allocate individuals to work on the different activities. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  37. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCAnalysis • As a KW, you are the business process expert • This means that you are the one who knows how current processes and current systems work • This means that you are the one who knows how things need to change • One of the primary activities is • Review all business requirements. • It’s far cheaper to find an error during the planning or analysis phase than it is to find the same error during the implementation or maintenance phase. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  38. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCAnalysis Figure 6.5The Cost of Finding Errorspage 227 Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  39. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCDesign • As a KW your role during the design phase • Decreases as a business expert and • Increases as a quality control analyst • IT specialists perform most of the activities during the design phase. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  40. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCDevelop • Your role during the development phase is to • Confirm any changes to business requirements. • Track the progress of tasks on the project plan to ensure timely delivery of the system. • IT specialists complete many of the activities in the development phase. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  41. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCTest • Your role in the testing phase is as a quality assurance expert • Review the test conditions to ensure the IT specialists have tested all of the system functionality and that every single test condition has passed. • You perform the User acceptance testing (UAT) - determines if the system satisfies the business requirements and enables the knowledge workers to perform their jobs correctly. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  42. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCImplement • During the implementation phase, your role would be • Attend training • Help to perform training • Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the required training in order to use the system correctly. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  43. Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCMaintain • Your primary role during the maintenance phase is to • Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the support they require in order to use the system. • Develop a help desk. • Develop change request forms for your users to fill out if they require a change to the system. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  44. Team Work Your Responsibilities During Each Phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle (p. 229) Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCIT Specialists and Knowledge Workers Working Together Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  45. WHY SYSTEMS FAIL KW = Knowledge Workers SDLC = Systems Development Life Cycle Plan Analyze Design Develop Test Implement Maintain Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  46. Why Systems Fail • Only 20% of systems built today are successful, 80% of systems development fail. • Five primary reasons why systems fail include: • Unclear or missing requirements • Skipping SDLC phases • Failure to manage project scope • Failure to manage project plan • Changing technology Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  47. Why Systems FailUnclear or Missing Requirements • The business requirements drive the entire system. • If they are not accurate or complete there is no way the system will be successful. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  48. Why Systems FailUnclear or Missing Requirements • Gathering inaccurate requirements? • System must not allow students to add classes • System must allow students to add classes • Missing Requirement? • Forgetting to include into the system the calculation of a student grade point average Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  49. Why Systems FailSkipping SDLC Phases • The first thing individuals tend to do when a project falls behind schedule is to start skipping phases in the SDLC. • Skipping any of the phases is sure to lead to system failure. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

  50. Why Systems FailFailure To Manage Project Scope • The project manager must track the status of each activity and adjust the project plan if a activity is added or taking longer than expected. • What could happen in a project to this effect is • Scope creep - occurs when the scope of the project increases. • Feature creep - occurs when developers add extra features that were not part of the initial requirements. Management Information Systems for the Information AgeSecond Canadian Edition

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