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Acids, Bases, and their Reactions in Solution

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Learn about strong and weak acids, bases, electrolytes, and neutralization reactions. Memorize key formulas and classifications. Understand solubility rules and net ionic equations.

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Acids, Bases, and their Reactions in Solution

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  1. Acids A substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+, in aqueous solution (hydronium ions, H3O+) Strong Acids (SA)-Acids that are strong electrolytes: There are 7 common SA: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, HClO3 & H2SO4 Memorize Table 4-5 (SA and A-) HCl(aq) H+(aq)+ Cl-(aq)

  2. Weak Acids-Acids that are weak electrolytes. All acids that aren’t Strong Acids are Weak Acids (WA) Note: HF is a weak acid. HF H+ + F - H2SO4 H+ + HSO4- 2H+ + SO42- H2SO4 is a SA but HSO4- is a WA Diprotic Acid R-COOH is an organic weak acid (carboxylic acid) R=CH3, CH3CH2 ... Acetic Acid Mineral Acids - Inorganic Acids Memorize Table 4-6 (common WA and A-)

  3. Bases A substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH-, in aqueous solution Strong Bases (SB)-Bases that are strong electrolytes: Group IA hydroxides & oxides. Heavier Group IIA hydroxides & oxides (Ca(OH)2, CaO, Sr(OH)2, SrO, Ba(OH)2 & BaO) Na2O + H2O 2NaOH 2Na+ + 2OH- BaO + H2O Ba(OH)2(s) Ba2+ + 2OH- Memorize Table 4-7 NaOH Na+ + OH-

  4. Weak Bases-Bases that are weak electrolytes. All soluble bases that aren’t Strong Bases are Weak Bases (WB) NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- Also, CH3NH2, (CH3)2N & (CH3)3N CH3NH2 + H2O CH3NH3 + + OH- Insoluble Bases-Bases that are sparingly soluble to insoluble. All hydroxides except those of Group IA and heavier Group IIA. For example: Cu(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, ....

  5. Solubility Rules

  6. Acid-Base Reactions (Neutralization Rxns) Acid + Base Salt + (Water) + heat HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Formula Unit Equation H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Na+ (aq) + Cl - (aq)+ H2O (l) Total Ionic Equation (Spectator Ions) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l) SA+SB Net Ionic Equation

  7. SA + WB HClO4 + NH3 NH4ClO4 Formula Unit Equation H+ + ClO4- + NH3NH4+ + ClO4- Total Ionic Equation (Spectator Ions) H+ + NH3NH4+ Net Ionic Equation

  8. SA + Insoluble Base 3H2SO4 + 2Fe(OH)3(s) Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O(l) Formula Unit Equation 6H+ + 3SO42- + 2Fe(OH)3(s) 2Fe3+ +3SO42- + 6H2O(l) Total Ionic Equation (Spectator Ions) 6H+ + 2Fe(OH)3(s) 2Fe3+ + 6H2O(l) 3H+ + Fe(OH)3(s) Fe3+ + 3H2O(l) Net Ionic Equation

  9. WA + SB H3PO4 + 3NaOHNa3PO4 + 3H2O(l) Formula Unit Equation H3PO4 + 3Na+ + 3OH- 3Na+ + PO43- +3H2O(l) (Spectator Ions) Total Ionic Equation H3PO4 + 3OH- PO43- +3H2O(l) Net Ionic Equation

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