Conquest and Colonies: Spain, Portugal, France, Dutch, and English in the Americas

1. Conquest and Colonies Main Idea The countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they had discovered but, only after conquering the natives who lived there. • Essential Questions • How did Spain build an empire in the Americas? • What kind of colony did the Portuguese establish in Brazil? • What was life like in the French, Dutch, and English colonies in the Americas?

2. Spain in Caribbean Encomienda Millions Died • First areas settled by Spanish, Cuba & Caribbean • Columbus hoped to find gold, did not • Spanish introduced encomienda = Colonists given land and Natives to work the land • Required to teach native workers about Christianity • Disastrous system for Native Americans • Mistreatment, overwork took toll on population • Europeans spread new diseases Spain Builds an Empire - Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas - Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs and Incas

3. The Conquest of Mexico & Peru • Conquistador • Hernán Cortés led expedition to Mexico, ended with conquest of Aztecs • Conquistador = military leader who fought against Native Americans • Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico • Cortes’ advantages • Cortés joined by thousands of those who wanted to defeat Aztecs • Cortés had metal weapons, heavy armor, guns, horses—animals never seen before in Americas– disease also killed thousands of Aztecs Conquest o f Peru - Francisco Pizarro led expedition to Peru who had heard of fabulous wealth of Inca Empire; hoped to win wealth for himself - Pizarro took over all ready weakened (by smallpox) Inca empire

4. Life in the Spanish Empire • With Mexico, Peru, Spain gained control of huge empire in Americas • Spanish king chose officials, viceroys,to govern American holdings • Spanish colonial economy based on gold, silver mining, farming • Spanish drafted Native Americans for labor in mines, on farms • Beginnings of Slavery • Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population • One reformer, Bartolomé de Las Casas recommended replacing Native Americans as laborers with imported African slaves • Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas

5. Summarize How did the Spanish create an empire in the Americas? Answer(s): conquered Aztec and Inca empires; appointed viceroys to govern

6. Treaty Colonization • 1494, Treaty of Tordesillas drew imaginary line through Atlantic Ocean • Everything west, including most of then-undiscovered Americas, would belong to Spain • Everything to east would be Portuguese • Only Brazil remained as Portuguese colony • Heavy Brazilian jungles made mining, farming difficult • Portuguese in no hurry to settle • Colonists slowly moved in, along Atlantic coast • Established huge farming estates • First used Native American, then African slave labor to work on farms The Portuguese in Brazil Portuguese built an empire in the Americas, their empire was not as large as the Spanish

7. Explain Why did few colonists originally move to Brazil? Answer(s): Heavy jungles made farming and mining difficult.

8. New France Trade and Colonization • French explorers established colonies in New France or Canada • Hoped this would be a rich source for gold, silver • Did not find riches, but found other potentially valuable trade goods • Waters of North Atlantic swarming with fish (staple of European diet) and forests yielded valuable furs • French only sent small groups of traders • Did not enslave Native Americans French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas -Silver and gold from American colonies began to circulate in Europe -Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they needed to establish colonies in the Americas. Native American hunters were the French traders’ main source of furs.

9. 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded city of Quebec • French explored Mississippi R. • René-Robert La Salle canoed down entire Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico • Claimed enormous Mississippi region, tributaries for France • Named huge, fertile area Louisiana, after King Louis XIV South down the Mississippi - French explorers headed south to seek more lands

10. The Dutch of New Netherland • Trade Interests • Dutch who came to North America interested in trade • Only large colony, New Netherland, in Hudson River valley • New Amsterdam • 1626, governor bought island of Manhattan from Natives • Founded city of New Amsterdam, later New York City • Slow Growth in Americas • New Netherlands did not grow • Dutch focused on developing colonies in other parts of world, that produced goods Europe & Americas could not

11. Pilgrims Native Americans • 1620, Pilgrims sailed from England • Pilgrims had been persecuted in England for religious beliefs • Established colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts • Colony self-sufficient within 5 years • English settlers did not share same relationship with Native Americans as French, Dutch • Colonists viewed Native Americans with distrust, anger The English Colonies • 1607, first permanent English colony established at Jamestown • 80 percent of settlers died during first winter in America, but colony still endured

12. British-French Conflict • Problems • English ran into conflict with French settlers in Americas • English colonists attempted to settle in French territory; tension in region grew; war broke out, 1754 • French and Indian War • - British v/s French and Indians • War began badly for British, but British turned tide, took city of Quebec • Costly War • Eventually French surrendered, yielded Canada, all French territory east of Mississippi • War costly for British; king tried to place costs of war on colonists • Led to resentment, which eventually brought about American Revolution

15. QAR • What process did Columbus and his followers begin? • Why were most of the Spanish explorers drawn to the Americas? • Which country was the richest and most powerful in the 16th century and why?

16. QAR 4. What might have been some similarities in character between Cortes and Pizarro? 5. Through what modern day states did Coronado lead his expedition?

17. Sequence What series of events led to the French and Indian War? Answer(s): English attempted to settle in French territory; tension grew between English and French