The Americas: Pre-Columbian Empires to Colonies

1. The Americas: Pre-Columbian Empires to Colonies This Power Point presentation goes with the Mastering the TEKS in World History book by Jarrett, Zimmer, and Killoran. Unit 4 – Chapter 12

2. Essential Questions • What were the major social, economic, political, and cultural characteristics of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations? • What were the major achievements of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations?

3. The Empires of the Americas

4. Background: Early Americans How did the Ice Age effect the population of the Americas? What if it had not occurred? • Nomadic Asians followed herd animals into the Americas. • American Peoples experienced their own Neolithic Revolution. • Pre-Columbian (before Columbus) Civilizations • Grew maize (corn) • Did not live in river valleys • Developed complex societies UCLA.edu

5. The Maya (1500 BC to AD 1546) • Present day Guatemala • Each city had a chief who was half man and half god • Social Structure • Hereditary nobility (performed sacred ceremonies and assisted ruler) • Craftsmen (made goods for nobility) • Farmers (most people) • Warlike people who practiced human sacrifice Based on the information above, what type of religion did the Mayans have? Harvard.edu

6. Built magnificent cities with palaces, temples, and pyramids Developed a system of hieroglyphics or picture words Mayan Achievements Complex system of math with use of zero, 365 day calendar Created colorful murals and created a popular ball game

7. The Aztecs (1200-1521) • Present day Mexico • Grew crops in “floating gardens” (chinampas) in wet, marshy lands • Complex Social Structure: • Emperor who was all powerful • Nobility served in government, army officers, and priesthood • Commoners who worked as farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and warriors • Slaves • Religion: Polytheistic • Warlike group that conquered all surrounding tribes Wku.edu

8. Built complex temples that were aligned based on the movements of the sun and moon Created accurate calendars based on the sun Aztec Achievements Calendar SFA.edu UNM.edu Built a large empire with a complex government structure and large cities Sacrificed humans to their main god, the Sun god. Sacrifice was need to keep the universe in motion wikimedia

9. The Inca Empire (122-1535) • Present day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile • Terrace farmed and grew potatoes and other root crops • Raised llamas and alpacas for food, wool, and transportation Uncp.edu

10. Built thousands of miles of roads to connect the empire Excellent engineers that built buildings out of fitted stones Machu Picchu Incan Achievements Used a system of knotted and colored ropes (quipu) for communication instead of writing Built a large empire that covers present day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile Inca Quipu Larco Museum Collection

11. Pre Columbian Art La balsa Muisca (The Muisca raft), a pre-Columbian gold sculpture representing the Muisca´s offerings of gold. Aztec jade mask depicting the god Xipe Totec Carved Mayan flint dagger. Describe Pre- Columbian art based on these works of art. The Aztec goddess Coatlicue, mother of earth. Inca Jar Mayan jade mask

12. Women’s Roles in Mesoamerica • Women: • Harvested grains • Prepared food (made maize into flour) • Cared for livestock • Cared for children and home • Some sold goods in markets • Some were artisans • Some worked as priestesses Does this suggest a strictly patriarchal society? Explain.

13. Americas Scavenger Hunt • Objective: • Students will use images to determine the impact of the civilizations of the Americas. • Directions: • Students will work in groups of four to six (a total of 6-8 groups) to correctly match images and clues related to the Americas. • Procedures: • Groups will elect one representative to go to the front of the room. • The teacher will hand each representative one clue to the various pictures posted around the room. Each representative will receive a different clue, so groups will start at different images around the room. (color coded clues work best to keep groups separate) • Students will remain at the front of the room with their clue until the teacher says “go”. • Once the teacher says “go”, the group reps can meet with their group members and find the image that corresponds with their clue. • Once they have matched the clue with the picture, they bring the clue back to the teacher. • If they have matched the clue correctly with the picture, they can move on to the next clue. If they have matched the clue incorrectly, they must go back to their source and rethink their answer. • The steps are repeated until all clues have been matched correctly by each group. • Once the class has finished the scavenger hunt, students will use the clues to answer the big picture questions about the civilizations of the Americas. Groups must be prepared to explain their answers to the class.

15. The Columbian Exchange Jarett Publishing

16. Why the Interest in Exploration? • Asia • Marco Polo’s writings sparked European interest in Asia • Asian goods, especially spices and silk, were sought after in Europe • The Silk Road was cut off by the Ottoman Turks • Renaissance • A new spirit of inquiry arose • Europeans wanted to explore the oceans • New technology allowed for better navigation, especially the compass and triangular lateen sail Caravel: TAMU.edu What impact did the Ottoman Empire have on European Exploration?

17. The Age of Discovery • Both Spain and Portugal wanted to establish trade with Asia and financed overseas exploration • Spain’s Rulers, Ferdinand and Isabella • Captured the Muslim areas of Spain • Expelled Spain’s Jewish Community • Reunited all of Spain under Christian Rule • Sough to spread Christianity across the world • Portugal • Prince Henry developed a lighter sailing ship • He sponsored expeditions along the coast of Africa Ferdinand and Isabella wedding portrait, unknown artist Why would European monarchs spend so much money on exploration?

18. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) • Sea Captain from Genoa, Italy • Sailed west in 3 ships in hopes of finding a quicker route to Asia • Sponsored by the King and Queen of Spain • Found instead the Americas • This new land brought riches and raw materials to Europe Why would Columbus risk his life to find a new trade route?

19. Columbus’ Four Voyages • August 3, 1492 - sailed out of Palos de la Frontera • land was sighted on October 12, 1492 • Columbus called the island he “found”, San Salvador • thinking he had reached the East Indies, he called the people Indians • returned to Spain a hero • convinced he had reached East Asia • made three more trips • arrested for governing tyrannically • died penniless

20. The Columbian Exchange • Goods from America to Europe: • Tomatoes • Corn • Potatoes • Peppers • Squash • Pineapples • Chocolate • Tobacco • Turkey • Goods from Europe to America: • Wheat • Sugar • Cattle • Horses • Pigs • Sheep • Chickens • Grains

21. Wikipedia.com What other items might have been exchanged besides food and animals?

22. How is this map different from the previous one?

23. Impact of the Columbian Exchange • Impact on the Americas: • New livestock, including cattle, sheep, and pigs, as well as crops from Africa resulted in a change in diet. • Re-introduction of horses led to changes in transportation. • New diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans; slaves from Africa transformed labor systems.

24. Impact of the Columbian Exchange • Impact on Europe: • New foods and plants resulted in a population increase. • The Americas became a valuable source of cotton and sugar, resulting and colonization and plantation systems where primarily forced labor was used, leading to the development of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. The impact of the Columbian Exchange pushed beyond Europe into Asia where populations increased due to more nutrient-rich foods.

25. Later Explorers • Vasco de Gama (1460-1524) • Portuguese • Discovered an all-water route to India • Sailed around the tip of Africa in 1497 and into the Indian Ocean (1st European) • Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) • Portuguese • Crew 1st to sail around the world (1519) What dangers might these men have faced in these voyages?

26. Early Voyages of European Exploration, 1487–1609

27. Other Explorers • England • John Cabot: claimed parts of North America • France • Jacques Cartier: explored the St. Lawrence River • Samuel Chaplain: explored the Great Lakes area • Robert de la Salle: explored the Mississippi River • Dutch • Henry Hudson: explored Hudson Bay and Hudson River looking for a “Northwest Passage” to Asia

28. The Conquest of the Americas wikipedia

29. The Conquest of Mexico • 1519: Hernando Cortez sailed from Cuba to Mexico. • The Aztecs first thought the Spanish were gods • 1521 Cortez attacked the Aztecs with the help of other Native Americans. • The Aztecs were defeated mainly because a smallpox epidemic had broke out and killed many of them. The Aztecs surrender to Cortex, The British Library Based on what you know about the Aztecs, why would other tribes help Cortez? The caption means “Now the Mexica (Aztecs) were finished.”

30. The Conquest of Peru • 1530 Francisco Pizarro left Panama to conquer the Incas. • The Incas just had a civil war. • The Spanish pretended to be friendly and ambushed and killed the emperor. Spain won because of their superior technology. • In 1533 Pizarro captured the Inca capital. • The Spanish forced the Inca to become Christian and were used as a labor force. What advantages in technology did the Spanish have over the American natives? Conquistador fighting the Incas

31. Colonial Latin America • Latin America= blend of European and Native American culture • Government: Viceroys (governor) ruled each Spanish province. • Spanish born citizens filled most positions in the government and military. • Gold and silver from the Americas was shipped back to Spain. This made Spain the strongest European power. What problems in governing such a large territory might the Spanish have faced? ushistory.com

32. Colonial Society • Peninsulares: (Spanish Nobles) owned the land – encomiendasystem of forced labor • Native Americans: worked the land • Jesuit priests: tried to convert the Indians to Christianity and keep them from becoming slaves

33. Colonial Society After a while this social order developed into a complex social order: • Noble officials and landowners born in Spain (Peninsulares): head of colonial society • Spanish people born in the New World (creoles) • Mixed Spanish and Native American people (mestizos) • Native Americans (did most of the hard work) until the arrival of African slaves

35. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares What observations do you have about this social structure? Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

36. The English Colonies • 1607: English established Jamestown in Virginia • 1620: Pilgrims established the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts • 1630: More Puritans arrive to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony near Plymouth • Eventually 13 colonies arose along the Atlantic coast

37. Land Claims in the Americas, c. 1700

38. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade • Disease killed many Native Americans • A new labor force was needed in the New World • In Africa conquering tribes sold their captives to the Europeans Based on the map, which European power acquired the most African slaves?

39. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Triangular Trade • 15 million Africans were enslaved • 11 million went to Spanish colonies • Many died coming across the Atlantic in what has become known as the “Middle Passage.”

40. Interior of a Slave Ship

41. Encouraged African Warfare: captured slaves were traded for guns, rum, and other manufactured goods Disrupted African Culture: destroyed Africa’s culture and heritage and led to violence, bitterness, and social upheaval Increased Cultural Diffusion: ideas, good, and cultures were exchanged in Africa and the Americas How has African culture effected American society and culture? Legacy of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa