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Antonio Gschwender agschwen@yahoo Thredbo 9 5-9 September 2005 Lisbon, Portugal

Improving the Urban Public Transport in Developing Countries: The Design of a New Integrated System in Santiago de Chile. Antonio Gschwender agschwen@yahoo.com Thredbo 9 5-9 September 2005 Lisbon, Portugal. Santiago de Chile. Modal split (motorised trips) Public transport in 2003 Buses

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Antonio Gschwender agschwen@yahoo Thredbo 9 5-9 September 2005 Lisbon, Portugal

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  1. Improving the Urban Public Transport in Developing Countries: The Design of a New Integrated System in Santiago de Chile Antonio Gschwender agschwen@yahoo.com Thredbo 9 5-9 September 2005 Lisbon, Portugal

  2. Santiago de Chile • Modal split (motorised trips) • Public transport in 2003 • Buses • 380 lines, average length 60km • 8,000 buses • 4,000 private “companies” • No operational subsidy • Bad service • Metro: good service (fast, reliable, clean)

  3. Diagnosis of the Bus System • Negative aspects • On-the-street competition • High accident risk • Unpredictable waiting times • Lack of cleaning and preventive maintenance • Routes designed to compete with other bus lines and metro • Institutional design • Absence of Transport Authority: attributions divided into many public bodies • Almost no participation of the authority in the planning of the system

  4. Diagnosis of the Bus System • Positive aspects • High frequencies • Low waiting times • High routes density • Low walking times • Low transfers • Due to overlapping of many long routes • ... and fare structure: ”pay each time you board” • Positive aspects should be maintained

  5. Main Aspects of theProposed New System • New routes structure • Three complementary networks • Metro • Main bus routes • Feeder and local bus routes

  6. Main Aspects of theProposed New System • New fare structure and ticketing system • Integrated fare • Bus and metro • Reduced (zero) transfer fare • Contactless smartcard • Only paying device • Already used in the metro (1,4 million in 2004)

  7. Main Aspects of the Proposed New System • Transport authority externalises: • Operation of the buses • Finance administrator • sells tickets • administrates revenues • provides ticket-reading machines • Information manager • manages operational information • generates operational reports • users’ information

  8. Main Aspects of theProposed New System • New property structure for the bus industry: several big companies • Main routes • 5 tendering units • Some 500 buses each unit • Feeder and local routes • 10 local areas = 10 tendering units • Some 200 buses each unit • Maximum 4 concessions per operator

  9. Main Aspects of theProposed New System • Financial balance • No operational subsidy • And fares cannot rise • New costs • Ticketing system • Information manager • Infrastructure in transfer points • Reduction in bus operation costs • Better match between demand and capacity (coordination between routes) • Fares are a result of the tenders • 0.45 EUR estimated average adult fare

  10. Additional Description of The Proposed New System • Buses • 18m articulated buses introduced • Fleet: 4,500 vehicles • (Metro network is doubled) • 1,600 new low floor/entrance • Euro III emission norm

  11. 32% metro 43% main bus routes 5.5% finance adm. and information manager 5.5% infrastructure 14% local and feeder buses Additional Description of The Proposed New System • Infrastructure plan: segregated busways (14km), transfer stations, etc. • Cost: 210 million EUR • 25% publicly financed; 75% private investment charged to users’ fares • Yearly cost of the system • 570 million EUR: fares revenue

  12. Final Comments • Current situation • Design of the plan began in 2001 • Bus operation tenders • Awarded in January 2005 • Between 2 and 8 offers per tender unit • Old and new (foreign and Chilean) operators • Finance administrator • Awarded in April 2005 • Information manager • Not awarded yet • Implementation • Begins in October 2005 • Finish by the end of 2006

  13. Final Comments • Change in the whole bus system • Political dimension • Already tendered services (since 1991) • Very bad public opinion about current bus system • Successful experiences in other Latin-American cities (e.g. Bogotá) • Technical dimension • Data availability • Modelling capacity: Joint design of 160 lines in a 5.4 million inhabitants city • Design model • New bus routes: heuristics • New frequencies: min Cop+Cusers • Knowledge of the particular situation

  14. Final Comments • No strong political figure promoting and defending the plan over all its steps • Together with unclear institutional design: problems • Competition existed in bus operation tenders • Financial risk of the bus operators was reduced by several mechanisms • Massive introduction of smartcard was attractive for banks • Transfers increased from 0.2 to 0.8 per trip

  15. Final Comments • Some future challenges • Transport authority? • Congestion-free infrastructure for the buses • Extension of integrated fare to other modes • Travelcards? • Product differentiation? (price-quality)

  16. END of the presentation

  17. Improving the Urban Public Transport in Developing Countries: The Design of a New Integrated System in Santiago de Chilewww.transantiago.cl Antonio Gschwender agschwen@yahoo.com Thredbo 9 5-9 September 2005 Lisbon, Portugal

  18. Fare Structure

  19. Additional Description of The Proposed New System • Financial risk of the bus operators • Reduced by: • Minimum income guaranteed: between 85 and 60% • Patronage semi-guaranteed: only 10% of the variation is transferred to operator • Concession period can be extended up to 24 months if income is low • Revenue adjustments in case of patronage changes due to commercial speed variations • Compensation fund: assures payment in first months and if drops in the demand occur • If fares reach an upper limit, measures to rationalise the use of car will be introduced

  20. Additional Description of The Proposed New System • Infrastructure plan • 14km of new segregated busways (11km already exist) • 2 big interchange stations • 35 smaller transfer stations • Road surface and geometric improvements in 63km of main roads • 2 strategic road connections • Improvements of 5,000 busstops • Cost: 210 million EUR • 25% publicly financed • 75% private investment charged to the users’ fares

  21. Additional Description of The Proposed New System • Awards and penalties scheme • Income generated by the penalties is returned to the operators (awards) • Operators’ payment adjustment • Mathematical formula (production factors), as before • Impacts users’ fare • Avoid need of legal changes • Avoid intensive requirements of new infrastructure

  22. Santiago de Chile • Motorisation rate • 1977: 80 cars per 1,000 inhab • 2001: 148 cars per 1,000 inhab • 10.2 million daily motorised trips • Modal split 2001: • 36% walking • 26% bus • 24% car • 4% metro • 4% taxi and shared-taxi • 6% other modes • 1,600 million trips in public transport in a year (2003) • 290 yearly trips per inhabitant in PT

  23. END

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