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The IMMUNE SYSTEM

The IMMUNE SYSTEM. Micro- organisms. Micro-organisms Micro- very small Organism- a living thing. So Micro-organisms are very small living things! N.B Viruses are often classed as micro- organisms but technically they are NON-Living so call them Microbes instead!. .

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The IMMUNE SYSTEM

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  1. The IMMUNE SYSTEM

  2. Micro- organisms Micro-organisms Micro- very small Organism- a living thing. So Micro-organisms are very small living things! N.B Viruses are often classed as micro- organisms but technically they are NON-Living so call them Microbes instead! 

  3. Microorganisms: The good side • Decompose organic waste • Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis • Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone • Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread

  4. Bacteria  Bacteria are small living single celled organisms that can come in good (beneficial) forms and bad (pathogenic) forms that cause disease. Some different shapes of bacteria

  5. Bacteria divide and double in number every 20 minutes !!!

  6. Bad bacteria in the mouth cause teeth to rot. Mouth bacteria Mouth bacterium

  7. Viruses Viruses are extremely small (much smaller than bacteria) NON-LIVING microbes that need a host cell so that they can reproduce and survive. 

  8. Structure of viruses

  9. Examples of viruses The HIV virus. This attacks T4 lymphocytes. It is responsible for AIDS. A T4 bacteriophage. This infects only bacterial cells, in this case only E. coli

  10. Avian Flu Virusvirus

  11. Measles virus Electron microscope picture of the measles virus Boy with measles

  12. Fungi Fungi are organisms that produce spores and come in the form of moulds, yeasts, mushrooms and toadstools. They also help things to rot and breakdown which is an essential process in the cycle of life. 

  13. Examples of fungi Mould growing a bread bun There can be good forms of fungus (used to make bread/beer) and bad forms (Mould, Athletes foot and thrush). Yeast cells budding

  14. Athletes foot

  15. Oral thrush Thrush yeast cells

  16. Protozoa • Eukaryotes • Absorb or ingest organic chemicals • May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella Figure 1.1c

  17. Amoebiasis • Entamoebahistolytica

  18. Malaria

  19. Link and Task!! • http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/health/defendingagainstinfectionrev1.shtml • Additional Information on Microbes

  20. Koch’s Postulates • A specific organism can always be found in association with a given disease • The organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture in a laboratory • The pure culture will produce the disease when inoculated into a susceptible animal • It is possible to recover the organism in pure culture from the experimentally infected animal

  21. Task !!

  22. OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM

  23. Skin and Mucous membranes in Defense http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/innate_2.html information for mixed grouping

  24. Cells of the Immune System White Blood Cells • Phagocytes - Neutrophils - Macrophages • Lymphocytes

  25. Phagocytes • Produced throughout life by the bone marrow. • Scavengers – remove dead cells and microorganisms.

  26. Neutrophils • 60% of WBCs • ‘Patrol tissues’ as they squeeze out of the capillaries. • Large numbers are released during infections • Short lived – die after digesting bacteria • Dead neutrophils make up a large proportion of puss.

  27. Macrophages • Larger than neutrophils. • Found in the organs, not the blood. • Made in bone marrow as monocytes, called macrophages once they reach organs. • Long life span • Initiate immune responses as they display antigens from the pathogens to the lymphocytes.

  28. Lymphocytes • Produce antibodies • B-cells mature in bone marrow then concentrate in lymph nodes and spleen • T-cells mature in thymus • B and T cells mature then circulate in the blood and lymph • Circulation ensures they come into contact with pathogens and each other

  29. T- T Lymphocytes • Mature T-cells have T cell receptors which have a very similar structure to antibodies and are specific to 1 antigen. • They are activated when the receptor comes into contact with the Ag with another host cell (e.g. on a macrophage membrane or an invaded body cell)

  30. B -Lymphocytes • There are approx. 10 million different B-lymphocytes, each of which make a different antibody. • They are activated by chemical signals (CYTOKINES) secreted by the T cells

  31. B -Lymphocytes • Some activated B cells  PLASMA CELLS these produce lots of antibodies, < 1000/sec • The antibodies travel to the blood, lymph, lining of gut and lungs. • The number of plasma cells goes down after a few weeks • Antibodies stay in the blood longer but eventually their numbers go down too.

  32. B -Lymphocytes • Some activated B cells  MEMORY CELLS. • Memory cells divide rapidly as soon as the antigen is reintroduced. • There are many more memory cells than there were clone cells. • When the pathogen/infection infects again it is destroyed before any symptoms show.

  33. B -Lymphocytes

  34. How Abs work • Some act as labels to identify antigens for phagocytes • Some work as antitoxins i.e. they block toxins for e.g. those causing diphtheria and tetanus • Some attach to bacterial flagella making them less active and easier for phagocytes to engulf • Some cause agglutination (clumping together) of bacteria making them less likely to spread

  35. Immune response Phagocyte ( Consumes Pathogen) Presents Ag to Specific T cell T cell secretes Cytokines Specific B cells Memory B Cell Rapid response Activated Plasma B Cell Antibodies

  36. Game on the immune system • http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity/game/index.html

  37. Task Time !! • Report on AIDS • What is it ? • How does it spread? • How does it affect the immune system? • Preventive measures Design a brochure on AIDS awareness

  38. Active and Passive Immunity Active immunity Lymphocytes are activated by antigens on the surface of pathogens Natural active immunity - acquired due to infection Artificial active immunity – vaccination Takes time for enough B and T cells to be produced to mount an effective response.

  39. Active and Passive Immunity Passive immunity B and T cells are not activated and plasma cells have not produced antibodies. The antigen doesn’t have to be encountered for the body to make the antibodies. Antibodies appear immediately in blood but protection is only temporary.

  40. Active and Passive Immunity Artificial passive immunity Used when a very rapid immune response is needed e.g. after infection with tetanus. Human antibodies are injected. In the case of tetanus these are antitoxin antibodies. Antibodies come from blood donors who have recently had the tetanus vaccination. Only provides short term protection as abs destroyed by phagocytes in spleen and liver.

  41. Active and Passive Immunity Natural passive immunity A mother’s antibodies pass across the placenta to the foetus and remain for several months. Colostrum (the first breast milk) contains lots of IgA which remain on surface of the baby’s gut wall and pass into blood

  42. Active and Passive Immunity Natural passive immunity A mother’s antibodies pass across the placenta to the foetus and remain for several months. Colostrum (the first breast milk) contains lots of IgA which remain on surface of the baby’s gut wall and pass into blood

  43. Vaccination A preparation containing antigenic material: • Whole live microorganism • Dead microorganism • Attenuated (harmless) microorganism • Toxoid (harmless form of toxin) • Preparation of harmless ags

  44. Vaccination Why aren’t they always effective? • Natural infections persist within the body for a long time so the immune system has time to develop an effective response, vaccinations from dead microbes do not do this. • Less effective vaccines need booster injections to stimulate secondary responses • Malnutrition particularly protein

  45. Vaccination Why aren’t they always effective? • No vaccines against protoctists (malaria and sleeping sickness) • Many stages to Plasmodium life cycle with many antigens so vaccinations would have to be effective against all stages (or be effective just against infective stage but given in very small time period).

  46. Allergies • When the immune system responds to harmless substances • Allergens – antigenic substances which do no real harm • Allergens include house dust, animal skin, pollen, house dust mite and its faeces

  47. Allergies • Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky. • Fluid and white blood cells leave capillaries. • The area of leakage becomes hot, red and inflamed

  48. Activity • Role play on necessity of HPV vaccine

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