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4) Classical Civilizations

4) Classical Civilizations. I. CLASSICAL GREECE. A. Geography. 1) MOUNTAINOUS PENINSULA - RUGGED MOUNTAINS COVERED 3/4 OF ANCIENT GREECE -LACK OF ARABLE LAND MADE THE GREEKS TRADE WITH OTHER CIVILIZATIONS - MADE CONTACT DIFFICULT THROUGHOUT

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4) Classical Civilizations

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  1. 4) Classical Civilizations I. CLASSICAL GREECE

  2. A. Geography 1) MOUNTAINOUS PENINSULA - RUGGED MOUNTAINS COVERED 3/4 OF ANCIENT GREECE -LACK OF ARABLE LAND MADE THE GREEKS TRADE WITH OTHER CIVILIZATIONS - MADE CONTACT DIFFICULT THROUGHOUT ANCIENT GREECE - SEPARATED FROM EACH OTHER LED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CITY-STATES 2) UNEVEN COASTLINE - CONSISTED OF A PENINSULA JUTTING INTO THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA - CREATED NATURAL HARBORS WHICH KEPT GREEK TRADE SHIPS SHELTERED - TRADING WAS NECESSARY TO GET THE NEEDED SUPPLIES DUE TO LACK OF ARABLE LAND - MANY GREEKS BECAME FISHERS, SAILORS AND TRADERS

  3. 1. Geography (Pg.2) 3) MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE - MILD CLIMATE CONSISTING OF LONG DRY SUMMERS AND WET SPRING AND FALL - IDEAL CONDITIONS TO GROW OLIVES AND GRAPEVINES (ROCKY SOIL/ MILD CLIMATE) - TRADED OLIVE OIL AND WINE FOR WHEAT AND GRAIN

  4. B. Early Greek Civilizations 1. MINOAN CIVILIZATION - FLOURISHED ON THE ISLAND OF CRETE BETWEEN 2000 BCE TO 1400 BCE - GREAT TRADING POWER ON THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA - ESTABLISHED CAPITAL CITY OF KNOSSOS - COLORFUL FRESCOES, OR WALL PAINTINGS, DECORATED PALACES ILLUSTRATED MANY ASPECTS OF MINOAN LIFE

  5. MINOAN CIVILIZATION

  6. Minoan Civilization (Pg.2)

  7. B. Early Greek Civilizations (Pg.2) 2. MYCENEANS - CONTROLLED MAINLAND GREECE FROM ABOUT 1600 BCE TO 1200 BCE - BUILT STRONG FORTRESS CITIES THROUGHOUT GREECE AND PELOPONNESUS - CONTROLLED TRADE ALONG THE AEGEAN SEA

  8. MYCENEANS

  9. 2. Early Greek Civilizations (Pg.3) 3.TROJAN WAR -AROUND 1250 BCE, THE MYCENEANS ATTACKED THE CITY OF TROY FOR CONTROL OF THE TRADE ROUTES BETWEEN THE BLACK SEA AND THE AEGEAN SEA -AFTER 10 YEARS OF WAR, THE MYCENEANS DESTROYED THE CITY OF TROY AND DRIVE THE TROJANS INTO EXILE -ACCOUNTS OF THE WAR WRITTEN IN TWO EPIC POEMS BY THE GREEK WRITER HOMER ( THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY)

  10. 2. Early Greek Civilizations (Pg.4) A) THE ILIAD - EPIC POEM THAT MIXES HISTORICAL EVENTS WITH GREEK MYTHS -THE WAR OCCURRED BECAUSE PARIS, A TROJAN PRINCE, KIDNAPPED HELEN, WIFE OF THE KING OF SPARTA, MENELAOS -MENELAOS ENLISTS HIS BROTHER, KING OF MYCENAE AND ALL OF GREECE TO HELP RESCUE HELEN - MAIN FOCUS OF THE POEM IS ACHILLES, THE GREATEST GREEK WARRIOR

  11. 2. Early Greek Civilizations (Pg.5) B) THE ODYSSEY - SEQUEL TO THE ILIAD - MAIN FOCUS OF THE STORY IS ADVENTURES OF THE MYCENEAN WARRIOR, ODYSSUES AND HIS VOYAGES TO GET BACK HOME AFTER THE FALL OF TROY - IT TAKES 10 YEARS FOR ODYSSUES TO GET BACK TO HIS HOME ( GREEK CITY-STATE ITHACA)

  12. C. GREEK CITY-STATES 1) BEGINNINGS POLIS- DEFINITION: GREEK WORD FOR CITY-STATE CONSISTED OF A FORTIFIED HILLTOP THAT CONTAINED THE GOVERNMENTAL BUILDINGS AND THE SURROUNDING VILLAGE AND FIELDS

  13. C. GREEK CITY-STATES (Pg. 2) MONARCHY- DEFINITION: A GOVERNMENT HEADED BY ONE LEADER (KING) ARISTOCRACY- DEFINITION: A GOVERNMENT RULED BY A PRIVILEGED MINORITY OR UPPER CLASS

  14. C. GREEK CITY-STATES (Pg. 3) OLIGARCHY: DEFINITION: A GOVERNMENT RULED BY A SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE TYRANNY: DEFINITION: GOVERNMENT BY AN INDIVIDUAL WHO SEIZES POWER BY FORCE

  15. C. GREEK CITY-STATES (Pg. 4) TWO MOST FAMOUS GREEK CITY-STATES A) ATHENS B) SPARTA

  16. A. ATHENS 1) GEOGRAPHY - ATHENS IS LOCATED IN SOUTHERN GREECE ON THE COASTLINE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. -THE AREA IS ONE OF THE LEAST FERTILE AREAS IN GREECE. -THE ATHENIANS TURNED TO THE SEA AND BEGAN TO TRADE WITH OTHERS TO GET THEIR NEEDED SUPPLIES

  17. A. ATHENS (Pg.2) 2) EARLY GOVERNMENT DRACONIAN LAW - 1ST ATHENIAN WRITTEN LAW CODE -LIKE HAMMURABI’S CODE, THE DRACONIAN LAW CODE WAS EXTREMELY HARSH. -IT ORDERED THE DEATH PENALTY FOR MANY OFFENCES. -HOWEVER, THE DRACIONIAN LAW CODE FAILED TO SATIFY THE DEMANDS OF THE ATHENIANS

  18. A. ATHENS (Pg.3) ATHENIAN CITIZENSHIP - FREE ATHENIAN BORN MEN WHOSE PARENTS WERE BOTH FREE, NATIVE BORN ATHENIANS. - ONLY THESE CITIZENS HAD FULL POLITICAL RIGHTS AND COULD OWN PROPERTY AND FORMED THE TOP GROUP IN ATHENIAN SOCIETY. -ALL ATHENIAN CITIZENS COULD PARTICIPATE IN ATHENIAN GOVERNMENT CREATING A DIRECT DEMOCRACY. DEFINITION: ALL CITIZENS PARTICIPATED DIRECTLY IN MAKING DECISIONS.

  19. A. ATHENS (PG. 4) ATHENIAN SOCIETY -METICS WERE FOREIGNERS AND WERE USUALLY MERCHANT OR ARTISANS. METICS PAID TAXES BUT COULD NOT OWN LAND OR TAKE PART IN THE GOVERNMENT. -SLAVES WERE AT THE BOTTOM OF ATHENIAN SOCIETY. SLAVES WERE PEOPLE CAPTURES IN WAR AND WERE TREATED AS PROPERTY. SLAVERY WAS CONSIDERED NATURAL AND NECESSARY IN ATHENS AND ALL OF GREECE.

  20. A. ATHENS (PG. 4) ROLE OF ATHENIAN WOMEN - WOMEN IN ATHENS HAD NO POLITICAL OR LEGAL RIGHTS - A WOMAN’S NEAREST MALE RELATIVE ACTED AS HER LEGAL GUARDIAN. - IN ATHENS, WOMEN MANAGED THE HOME AND RAISED CHILDREN. - A MOTHER TRAINED HER DAUGHTERS IN DOMESTIC SKILLS. - BETWEEN THE AGES OF 14 AND 16, A DAUGHTER MARRIED A MAN CHOSEN BY HER PARENTS.

  21. A) ATHENS (PG. 5) EDUCATION • ATHENIAN EDUCATION PREPARED YOUNG MEN FOR CITIZENSHIP • ATHENIAN EDUCATION STRESSED THE IDEA OF A “WELL-ROUNDED” INDIVIDUAL • BETWEEN THE AGES OF 8-18, ATHENIAN MALES LEARNED GRAMMAR, MUSIC, ART, POLITICS AND RHETORIC (PUBLIC SPEAKING) - IN ADDITION, ATHENS STRESSED A SOUND PHYSICAL BODY (ATHLETIC TRAINING WAS AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT PLACE IN A YOUTH’S TRAINING)

  22. B) Sparta 1. GEOGRAPHY - LOCATED IN AN ISOLATED REGION IN PELOPONNESUS - DUE TO ISOLATION, DEVELOPED A DISTINCT CULTURE THAT VARIED GREATLY FROM ATHENS

  23. B) SPARTA ( Pg. 2) 2. Early History - Invaders from the North conquered the region, enslaved the local population and established the city-state of Sparta

  24. B. SPARTA (PG. 3) 3) FORM OF GOVERNMENT • DUAL MONARCHY - 1 KING CONTROLLED THE CITY- STATE - 1 KING CONTROLLED THE MILITARY • COUNCIL OF ELDERS ADVISED THE KINGS • ASSEMBLY OF SPARTAN CITIZENS APPROVED ALL GOVERNMENTAL DECISIONS - ASSEMBLY ELECTED FIVE OVERSEERS TO DIRECT THE DAILY AFFAIRS OF THE CITY-STATE

  25. B) SPARTA (Pg. 4) 4) Spartan Society A) EQUALS: DESCENDENTS FROM THE INVADERS, CONTROLLED THE SPARTAN GOVERNMENT, LAND WAS DIVIDED UP EQUALLY AMONG THIS GROUP B) HALF-CITIZENS: WERE FREE, PAID TAXES BUT HAD NO POLITICAL POWER AND COULD NOT OWN LAND C) HELOTS: MADE UP THE THIRD AND LOWEST GROUP IN SPARTA. THE HELOTS WERE THE SLAVES OF THE SPARTAN CITY-STATE. THE HELOTS GREATLY OUTNUMBERED THE SPARTANS AND FEAR OF A HELOT UPRISING LED TO VIOLENT CONTROL.

  26. B) SPARTA (Pg. 5) 5) ROLE OF GOVERNMENT - SPARTA CONTROLLED THE LIVES OF ITS CITIZENS FROM BIRTH TO DEATH -THE OVERALL GOAL OF SPARTA WAS TO CREATE A MILITARY MACHINE.

  27. B) SPARTA (Pg. 6) 6) ROLE OF THE MILITARY A) MALES - AS NEWBORNS, WEAK AND SICKLY INFANTS WERE LEFT TO DIE ON THE MOUNTAINSIDES - AT THE AGE OF SEVEN, BOYS LEFT HOME TO LIVE IN MILITARY BARRACKS AND BECAME ENGAGED IN MILITARY TRAINING ALONG WITH BASIC SKILLS SUCH AS READING AND WRITING. - AT AGE 20, SPARTAN SOLDIERS MARRIED BUT REMAINED LIVING AT THE MILITARY BARRACKS - AT THE AGE OF 30, THEY BECAME CITIZENS AND COULD PARTICIPATE IN GOVERNMENT. - THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDED EACH CITIZEN LAND AND SLAVES TO SUPPORT HIS FAMILY

  28. B) SPARTA (Pg. 7) B ) WOMEN - ENDURED STRICT DISCIPLINE BY SHOWING ABSOLUTE OBEDIENCE TO THEIR FATHERS AND LATER TO THEIR HUSBANDS - AS FUTURE WIVES AND MOTHERS OF SPARTAN SOLDIERS, SPARTAN GIRLS HAD TO BE STRONG AND HEALTHY. - THEY RECEIVED STRICT PHYSICAL TRAINING AND WERE DEVOTED TO THE MILITARY AND THE SPARTAN CITY-STATE.

  29. B) SPARTA (Pg. 8) 7) ROLE OF EDUCATION - BASIC READING AND WRITING SKILLS WERE TAUGHT - DISCUSSION WAS DISCOURAGED - ART AND LITERATURE HAD LITTLE PLACE IN SPARTAN LIFE - THE STATE DISCOURAGED NEW IDEAS - FORBID TRAVEL OUTSIDE SPARTA - IDEAS FROM OTHER GREEK CITY-STATES SEEN AS A CORRUPTING INFLUENCE

  30. COMPARE AND CONTRAST CHART ATHENS SPARTA IN GENERAL -EDUCATION KEY TO SURVIVAL -STRONG MILITARY KEY TO SURVIVAL GOVERNMENT - DIRECT DEMOCRACY - DUAL MONARCHY EDUCATION - WELL ROUNDED INDIVIDUAL - BASIC SKILLS ONLY - LEARNED ALL SUBJECTS IN - STRESSED MILITARY ADDITION TO ATHLETIC TRAINING TRAINING

  31. COMPARE AND CONTRAST CHART (Pg. 2) ATHENSSPARTA SOCIETY -CITIZENS -EQUALS -METICS -HALF-CITIZENS -SLAVES -HELOTS WOMEN • COULD NOT OWN LAND - ABSOLUTE OBEDIENCE • COULD NOT PARTICIPATE - MILITARY TRAINING IN GOV’T • MANAGE HOUSEHOLD - STRONG/HEALTHY • TAKE CARE OF CHILDREN - LEARNED TO DEFEND • SPARTA

  32. D. GREEK WARS • PERSIAN WARS -IN ABOUT 500 BC , GREEKS IN ASIA MINOR REBELLED AGAINST THE PERSIANS -THE GREEK CITY-STATES INCLUDING ATHENS AND SPARTA HELPED THE REBELLING GREEKS STARTING A SERIES OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN GREECE AND PERSIAN THAT LASTED UNTIL 479 BC. -THESE CONFLICTS BECAME KNOWN AS THE PERSIAN WARS.

  33. D. GREEK WARS (Pg. 2) -IN 479 BC, ATHENS AND SPARTA JOINED FORCES AND DEFEATED THE PERSIANS. -ALTHOUGH THE PERSIANS WERE DEFEATED, THE THREAT OF INVASION FROM THE PERSIAN EMPIRE REMAINED. -DELIAN LEAGUE- IN ORDER TO PROTECT THEMSELVES OF FURTHER INVASIONS , THE GREEK CITY-STATES FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH ATHENS AS ITS LEADER FORMED

  34. THE PERSIAN WARS ARE THE BASIS OF THE MOVIE 300 THAT DEPICTED THE BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE

  35. D. GREEK WARS (Pg. 3) 2. PELOPONNESIAN WARS -TENSIONS GREW BETWEEN THE RIVAL CITY-STATES OF ATHENS AND SPARTA DUE TO THE ATHENIAN CONTROL OF THE DELIAN LEAGUE. -WAR BETWEEN THE TWO BROKE OUT IN 431 BC. -THIS WAR BECAME KNOWN AS THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR DUE TO SPARTA WAS LOCATED ON THE AREA OF GREECE KNOWN AS PELOPONNESUS

  36. D. GREEK WARS (Pg. 4) -THE WAR CONTINUED FOR 27 YEARS. -AT THE END, ATHENS DUE TO INTERNAL FIGHTING AND SPARTA’S WITH HELP FROM PERSIA BLOCKADE OF ATHENS, SURRENDERED. -ATHENS WAS REDUCED TO BEING A SECOND RATE POWER IN GREECE. AFTER THE WAR, GREECE WAS POLITICALLY UNSTABLE. -WARS BETWEEN THE CITY-STATES CONTINUED.

  37. E. GREEK CULTURE 1.THE RISE OF PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY- DEFINITION- THE STUDY OF BASIC QUESTIONS OF REALITY AND HUMAN EXISTENCE GOAL OF THE EARLY PHILOSOPHERS - SEARCHED FOR ORDER IN NATURE - UNIVERSE WAS GOVERNED BY NATURAL LAWS THAT PEOPLE COULD UNDERSTAND THROUGH REASON REASON DEFINITION - THE ABILITY TO THINK LOGICALLY TOSOLVE PROBLEMS - REJECTED THE BELIEF THAT GODS CONTROLLED THE UNIVERSE - ADVANCEMENTS IN MATH, ASTRONOMY, MEDICINE

  38. E. GREEK CULTURE ( Pg 2.) FAMOUS EARLY GREEK SCIENTISTS 1) PYTHAGORAS - MATHEMATICIAN, ADVANCEMENTS IN GEOMETRY - PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM- - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LENGTH OF THE SIDES OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE 2) HIPPOCRATES - URGED PHYSICIANS TO MAINTAIN HIGH MORAL STANDARDS - HIPPOCRATIC OATH-ETHICAL STANDARD FOR MODERN DOCTORS

  39. E. GREEK CULTURE (Pg.2) THE SOPHISTS - PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS WHO TRAINED WEALTHY YOUNG MALES FOR PUBLIC LIFE - -EMPHASIZED INDIVIDUAL SUCCESS RATHER THAN TRADITION - LACKED ETHICAL STANDARDS THREE MOST IMPORTANT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS 1) SOCRATES 2) PLATO 3) ARISTOTLE

  40. E. GREEK CULTURE (Pg.3) • SOCRATES - ATHENIAN EDUCATOR - CRITIC OF THE SOPHIST MOVEMENT - INDIVIDUALS SHOULD USE REASON ALONE IN SEARCH OF KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH - THROUGH KNOWLEDGE, PEOPLE WOULD ACT CORRECTLY - SOCRATIC METHOD- CONVERSATIONAL QUESTION AND ANSWER TECHNIQUE - UPSET AUTHORITIES WHO ACCUSED HIM OF NOT HONORING THE GODS AND CORRUPTING THE YOUTH OF ATHENS - REFUSED TO DENY HIS TEACHINGS AND EXECUTED BY THE ATHENIAN COURTS

  41. E. GREEK CULTURE (Pg.4) 2) PLATO - STUDENT OF SOCRATES - ESTABLISHED A SCHOOL IN ATHENS - EXAMINED ISSUES SUCH AS JUSTICE AND THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CITIZEN - WROTE THE WORK THE REPUBLIC - EXPLAINED THE CONCEPT OF AN IDEAL STATE BASED ON JUSTICE WORKING TOWARD THE COMMON GOOD - ABOLISH PRIVATE PROPERTY BECAUSE IT LEADS TO SELFISHNESS - THREE CLASSES: (1) WORKERS TO PRODUCE NECESSITIES (2) SOLDIERS TO DEFEND THE STATE AND (3) PHILOSOPHERS TO GOVERN THE PUBLIC INTEREST

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