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The Industrial Revolution. Brain Warm Up – Define: 1. Urbanization 2. Capitalism. Definitions. Urbanization Capitalism. Urbanization – Movement of people from rural areas to cities. Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.
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The Industrial Revolution Brain Warm Up – Define: 1. Urbanization 2. Capitalism
Definitions Urbanization Capitalism • Urbanization – Movement of people from rural areas to cities. • Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.
Traditional Farming Methods • List all of the MACHINES in the picture. • How many POWER SOURCES are in the picture? • What SOCIAL CLASSES are represented here? • Discuss life before industrialization.
The golf links lie so near the mill That almost every day The laboring children can look out And see the men at play. (Sara Cleghorn) • What does the quotation mean?
Urbanization • In the mid 1700s, more than half the population of Britain lived and worked on farms. • Between 1750 and 1851, displaced farming families moved to the cities to work in the new factories.
Next Came an Industrial Revolution • People moved from rural areas into cities • Reasons: • could no longer make it as farmers • seeking employment
Urban Living Conditions • Factory owners rushed to build housing • Back to back row houses • Several people in very small spaces • Poor sanitation • High disease rates • Crime • Massive pollution
Urban Living Conditions Average Age at Death for Different Classes Rutland – agricultural area in central England Truro – tin mining center Other locations – major industrial centers
Working Conditions and Wages • Common working day: 12 – 14 hours • One short break for lunch • Work week: 6 days per week • 80 degree heat • Workers were beaten if they did not perform well. • Hot, polluted factory air. • Workers risked losing limbs from the machines. • Low wages.
Child Labor • Children shifted from farm work to factory work. • 12 – 14 hour days • 6 day weeks • Lower wages than adults. • Began at age 5. • Mining work deformed bodies.
Child Labor • As concerns about the welfare of children rose in mid 1800s, Parliament held investigations into working conditions. • New laws and new labor unions improved conditions.
Problems of Pollution The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Adam Smith: • Thought there should be no government regulation of business. A free market will produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable by everyone. The basis of Capitalism.
Thomas Malthus: • Government intervention would be disastrous because it would destroy the natural controls on population • Population will outpace the food supply if wages are too high since more will be able to live • If this happens, famine will follow • Thus NO government intervention will allow nature to take its course.
David Ricardo: • The natural price of labour was the cost of its production: the cost of maintaining the labourer. • If wages correspond to the natural price of labour, then wages would be at subsistence level. i.e. LOW • Low wages were caused because the poor have too many children, thus leading to a high labor supply and lower wages.
Jeremy Bentham • He was a utilitarian • “The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.” • There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetynet. • Taught JS Mill
John Stuart Mill: • wanted government to intervene but only on utilitarian grounds • That meant help for the poor (the greatest number) • He also wanted the workers and women to vote.
Robert Owen: • Believed that the environment created the person • Wanted education for all • Bought the largest cotton mill on earth and reformed it based on the idea that an employer could offer decent living and working conditions and still make a profit • Of course the profits weren’t as large as before-5% vs 50% profits • He also founded a “company store,” which sold goods at cost, almost. This was the world’s first consumer-cooperative. Modest profits from the store funded educational projects.
Karl Marx • He thought economics was really a struggle between the “haves” (upper class and merchants) and the “have nots” (working class.) • wanted the workers to have a revolution to replace private ownership of property with cooperative ownership. • His theories led to the system of Communism.
Work… • Complete the following chart.
Did some of the reformers’ ideas take hold? Look at the following slides and decide.
British Reform Bill of 1832 Prior to 1832 seats in parliament were based on location rather than population. Rotten Boroughs were seats in parliament that had so few voters that they could be easily manipulated. For example one seat (Gatton) had only one voter! What might have prompted Britain’s parliament to enact the changes shown on the map? Britain didn’t use a secret ballot until 1872. What role might the use of open ballots have played in the fairness of elections prior to 1872?
British Reform Bills If, by 1832, only 3% of the population were allowed to vote, what might voter eligibility have been based on? Property: Voters still needed property worth £10 to be able to vote. Sex: Only men were allowed to vote. Age: 21 years
The Industrial Revolution Economic Effects Social Effects • New inventions and development of factories • Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s • Increased production and higher demand for raw materials • Growth of worldwide trade • Population explosion and a large labor force • Exploitation of mineral resources • Highly developed banking and investment system • Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication • Long hours worked by children in factories • Increase in population of cities • Poor city planning • Loss of family stability • Expansion of middle class • Harsh conditions for laborers • Workers’ progress vs. laissez-faire economic attitudes • Improved standard of living • Creation of new jobs • Encouragement of technological progress Political Effects • Child labor laws to end abuses • Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth (i.e. Karl Marx) • Trade unions • Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism • Reform bills in Parliament
