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The Vitamins, Minerals, & Water: A Functional Approach. Chapter 7. Turning Back the Clock. Discovery that diseases could be caused by dietary deficiencies Scurvy Rickets Pellagra Discovery of vitamins. The Two Classifications of Vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins.
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The Vitamins, Minerals, & Water: A Functional Approach Chapter 7 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Turning Back the Clock • Discovery that diseases could be caused by dietary deficiencies • Scurvy • Rickets • Pellagra • Discovery of vitamins 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Two Classifications of Vitamins • Water-soluble vitamins • Fat-soluble vitamins 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Minerals • Vitamins vs. minerals • The two classifications of minerals • Major minerals • Trace minerals 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Antioxidant Nutrients • Antioxidants = “anti-oxygen” • Vitamin C, vitamin E, & beta-carotene 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Antioxidant Nutrients • Vitamin C • Role as antioxidant • Other roles for vitamin C • Collagen • Stress • Immunity • Sources of vitamin C in foods 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Antioxidant Nutrients • Vitamin E • Role as an antioxidant • Heart disease • Cell membranes • Sources of vitamin E in foods 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Antioxidant Nutrients • The vitamin A precursor: beta-carotene • Antioxidant role • Other roles for vitamin A • Vision • Epithelial tissue • Sources of vitamin A & beta-carotene in foods 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
The Antioxidant Nutrients • Selenium • Antioxidant functions • Role in chronic disease prevention 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Color Your Plate with Vitamin-Rich Foods--& Handle Them with Care • Shop for produce weekly • Store produce properly • Most belong in the refrigerator • Store whole • Eat frozen vegetables within 1-2 months of purchase • Cook in the least amount of water for the shortest time possible 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood • Folate • DNA & red blood cells • Neural tube defects • Sources of folate in foods • B vitamins & heart disease • Homocysteine 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood • Vitamin B12 • Nerve fiber sheaths • Red blood cells • Deficiencies • Vegans • Lack of intrinsic factor • Atrophic gastritis 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood • Vitamin B6 • Hemoglobin • Protein metabolism • Food sources 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood • Vitamin K • Coagulation • Sources - food & intestinal flora • Deficiency in newborns 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood • Iron • Hemoglobin • Iron-deficiency anemia • Ways to enhance iron absorption • Absorption-enhancing factors • Absorption-inhibiting factors • Iron toxicity 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Blood • Zinc • Metabolism • Immunity • Sexual development • Food sources • Copper • Roles in metabolic & physiological processes 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Bones • Trabecular bone vs. cortical bone • Bone development & remodeling • Peak bone mass 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Bones • Vitamin D • Calcium absorption • Synthesis in the body • Deficiency • Rickets • Osteomalacia • Toxicity 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Bones • Vitamin K’s role in bone health • Calcium • Bone/teeth material • Circulating in body fluids • Osteoporosis • Food sources • Alternative sources of calcium 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Bones • Phosphorus • Bone/teeth material • DNA & RNA • Metabolism • Phospholipids • Food sources 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrients for Healthy Bones • Magnesium • Muscle relaxation • Bone/teeth material • Fluoride • Role in bone/teeth health • Water fluoridation 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Vitamins, Minerals, & Energy Metabolism • Energy metabolism • Thiamin • Coenzyme functions • Deficiency - beriberi • Food sources 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Vitamins, Minerals, & Energy Metabolism • Riboflavin • Coenzyme functions • Food sources • Niacin • Coenzyme functions • Deficiency - pellagra • Food sources • Niacin equivalents (NE) • Supplements 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Vitamins, Minerals, & Energy Metabolism • Pantothenic acid & biotin • Coenzyme roles • Sulfur • Role in protein structure 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Vitamins, Minerals, & Energy Metabolism • Iodine • Thyroid hormones • Deficiency • Goiter • Cretinism • Food sources • Trends in intake • Chromium • Role in carbohydrate metabolism 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Water, Minerals, & Fluid Balance • Water • Essentiality • Roles in the body • Water balance • Movement into & out of cells • Electrolytes 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Water, Minerals, & Fluid Balance • Sodium, potassium, & chloride • Sodium • Hypertension • Potassium • Deficiency • Relationship with sodium • Supplements 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Water, Minerals, & Fluid Balance • Sodium, potassium, & chloride • Chloride • Roles in the body 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Diet & Blood Pressure--The Salt Shaker & Beyond • Risk factors for hypertension • Salt (sodium) intake • Obesity • Alcohol intake • Unhealthful lifestyle 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Diet & Blood Pressure--The Salt Shaker & Beyond • An eating plan to reduce high blood pressure • DASH diet • Prevention • Healthful diet & weight management • Physical activity • Moderate drinking & not smoking 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Choose & Prepare Foods with Less Salt • At the supermarket • Read food labels • Fresh, whole foods • At home • Herbs & spices instead of salt • When eating out • Ask for no-salt preparation 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Phytonutrients in Foods: The Phytochemical Superstars • Phytochemicals • Mechanisms of actions of phytochemicals • How to optimize phytochemicals in a daily eating plan • Fruits, vegetables • Whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention • Research on the association of diet with cancer • Nutrition is one of several lifestyle factors involved • Results of studies on diet & cancer • Colon cancer • Breast cancer 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention • Dietary concerns for consumers • Total calorie intake • Fat • Protein • Carbohydrate • Beta-carotene • Vitamin C 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention • Dietary concerns for consumers • Cruciferous vegetables • Other vitamins & minerals • Calcium • Fiber 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention • Plant-based diets linked with lower cancer rates • Association of alcohol with cancer • Association between beta-carotene & other carotenoids & cancer • Phytochemicals & cancer 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention • Prevention strategies • Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight • Be physically active for at least 30 minutes/day • Avoid sugary drinks & limit energy-dense foods • Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, & legumes 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention • Prevention strategies • Limit consumption of red meats & avoid processed meats • Limit alcohol consumption • Limit consumption of salty & high-sodium foods • Don’t use supplements to protect against cancer • Do not smoke or chew tobacco 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth
Nutrition & Cancer Prevention • Foods are better than supplements • Green & black tea • High-temperature cooking • Variety in the diet 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth