Reconstruction

1. Reconstruction The Failed Experiment (1865 – 1877 – Hayes/Tilden)

2. Immediate response? Tested freedom Demands: Land – forty acres – “placed on land until we are able to buy it and make it our own” Live apart – separate churches fraternal organizations etc. Military protection The franchise’ importance For freemen? For republicans? The freedmen

4. Traditional Southern Whites “Bourbons,” Redeemers, Democrats • “not conquered, but only overpowered””I’m glad I fought agin her, I only wish we’d won, And I ain’t axed any pardon for anything I’ve done” • State regulation of the ballot – limited suffrage • Immediate representation and restoration • Resistance to emancipation

5. Lincoln’s Plan • “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace…” • The states had not seceded therefore no role for congress. • Pushed for 13th Amendment (January 1865) • The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction - 1863 • 10% pledged allegiance and support of emancipation • Strengths? • Weaknesses?

6. Radical Republicans • No immediate restoration until states reconstructed • “conquered rebels at the mercy of the conquerors” • Need to “secure the civil rights of all citizens” “exclusion of… those whose crimes have proved them to be enemies of the Union.” • “the almighty continued Mr. Lincoln in office as long as he was useful and then substituted a better man.” • Wade Davis: • Congress: states committed suicide, therefore they would readmit them • 50% of eligible voters must swear an ironclad oath of allegiance. Until this number reached military occupation  pocket veto • Freedmen’s Bureau(March 1865) – welfare agency headed by Howard

7. Warmup: • Scan and skim. “Carl Schurz reports southern defiance” (page 504 – 505) “General Grant is optimistic” (page 506) and “emancipation violence in Texas” (509). • Prepare to explain whether the south was ready for the terms of easy reconstruction proposed by Lincoln and Johnson. MAKE SURE YOU HAVE SPECIFIC EVIDENCE! • 1850s Assignment (posted in grade book). If you think that you can do better, you may retake the quiz. Your two possibilities are Friday right after school or during SMART lunch. • To do this you must redo the entire assignment. Full credit can be earned.

8. Freedmens’ Bureau – successful in providing funds for education but no so successful in providing land. controversial

11. Warmup: • What does the cartoon on your desk tell us about why reconstruction was unsuccessful in changing the status of African Americans in the South?

12. Andrew Johnson Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters! • Pardon for all who take oath, except for the wealthy and those with high positions who needed presidential pardon • States needed to repeal secession ordinances, repudiate war debt, and ratify the 13th. • All states quickly complied  Success?

13. Southern representation to congress in 1865 = CSA VP, 4 generals, the old elite Black codes (1865 – 1866)= Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations. Seen by RR as betrayal Riots Fears of the north: republican program undone (more southern representation), blacks might move north!, the point of the war? Easy Reconstruction?

16. Answer a, b, and c using the image to the right. • A. Briefly explain the point of view expressed through the image about one of the following: emancipation, political participation, citizenship • B. Briefly explain one outcome of the civil war that led to the historical change depicted. • C. Briefly explain one way in which the historical change you explained in part b was challenged between 1866 and 1896

17. Congress Breaks with the President • Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates. • Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. • February, 1866  Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill. • March, 1866  Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!

18. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. • Insure against neo-Confederate political power. • Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. • Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

19. Radical Reconstruction. 1866 Election of Veto Proof Congress • Reconstruction Act of 1867 • Invalidated all new state governments • Divided south into 5 districts under military commanders • Seemingly a violation of ex parte Milligan • States must approve 14th amendment and give blacks voting rights • Sumner’s plan of redistricting land too radical

20. Johnson sent only conservative generals south Tenure in Office Act by RR to protect Stanton Johnson fired Stanton Impeachment yes, conviction no by one vote Johnson and impeachment!

21. Radical Reconstruction • Temporary government by the Union League, Republicans and Freedmen – (or scalawags and carpetbaggers) • Military support for black voters; black codes undone by 14th Amendment • New state constitutions which granted universal male suffrage • Blacks voted and held office – although in no state did they elect a governor and in only one state did they control a house of the legislature (2 black Senators –Revels and Bruce)

23. Black & White Political Participation

24. Radical Reconstruction Continued • Progressive legislation – schools “raceless and classless” in SC, public works, property rights for women, no debt imprisonment, rebuilt infrastructure • Whites did not attend black schools for the most part but F. Douglass pointed out separate schools “infinitely superior to no schools • Existence of corruption but this was the era of “good stealings” • Important Amendments passed that established standards that would later be reached

25. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

26. 15th Amendment (1870) • 15th – no discrimination in regard to voting on basis or “race, color or condition of previous servitude” – many other reasons that it can be restricted. • Election of 1868 demonstrated its necessity to Republicans • Stanton and Anthony’s appeal rejected

27. Warmup: Quickly answer questions 1 – 13 on your own paper. • Homework: DBQ Wednesday ! Test Friday! You must bring the rubric with you to write the DBQ.

28. Limited Progress for Freedmen • Reconstruction was unfinished business • Eventual and gradual loss of voting rights. • Blacks remained poor. No redistribution of land. • Sharecropping • Preferred to contract system • Less than 10% owned land by 1880 • a trap “a man who did not know how to count would always surely lose.” • Crop liens

29. Sharecropping

30. Few skilled jobs – in 1865, 50% of skilled jobs held by blacks by 1870, 30%, by 1910, 8% • Growing segregation Jim Crow laws and practices as second generation of freedmen looked to integration • Civil Rights Cases (1883) – allowed private discrimination • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – public discrimination

31. Look at the 1871 cartoon, “Murder of Louisiana.” • Explain the cartoon. Be sure to explain “ulysses”, “Radicalism”, the audience • What is the point of the cartoonist? Was it drawn by a radical republican or a moderate? • Look at the cartoon dated 10/24/1874 • Explain the figures. • What is the point of the cartoon? • What has happened by 1874 according to the cartoonist? • Who is the cartoonist?

32. The End of Reconstruction - The New South - achieved through the violence (Mississippi Plan) or majority rule IGNORED BY PRESIDENTS AFTER GRANT! • Sharecropping: freedmen were economically powerless • Gradual disenfranchisement! – poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses pegged to 1866– goal was democratic control (protect interests of elite) • Race was used to keep whites voting democratic. The limited black vote was not a threat. • Solid south = Democrats until after world war II. • Southern interest protected by democrats as 2/3 of the party was necessary for any decision

33. Attempt to reestablish southern culture and social customs In the northern south, redemption occurred because whites outnumbered blacks. The Mississippi Plan (or NC) in places where there was no white majority = terrorism Use of violence to carry elections. Armed struggle around election time year after year. Civil wars! Blacks and Union League targeted “carry the election peacefully if we can, forcefully if we must.” “Bewar,” “every man must stand his post.” a state senator stabbed. 13,000 fewer votes in 1870 than in 1868 in NC New legislatures wrote more discriminatory laws – literacy tests, poll taxes Redeemers

34. Redemption Ignored • Loss of republican interest - The attorney general stated in 1874 “the whole public are tired out with these autumnal outbreaks in the south. Preserve the peace by the forces of your own state.” • Ku Klux Klan or Force Acts ignored • important radicals died • Frustration with Grant and corruption • “liberal” republicans opposed ineffective southern governments, hoped to see governments returned to “capable” leaders • Desire for a disciplined southern workforce • Social Darwinism

37. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

41. 1876 Presidential Tickets

42. The Political Crisis of 1877 • “Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

43. Hayes – Tilden (1876) • Tilden (D) won the popular vote and had electoral votes but FL, GA, and LA – contested returns. Which to count? • If by the president of the senate, Hayes would win • If by the speaker of the house, Tilden would win • Electoral commission: unhappy democrats pledged filibuster

44. Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

45. Compromise of 1877 • Hayes wins Presidency! • Democrats win – all troops out of the south, a southern railroad and jobs for democrats • Hayes, “rights and interests would be safer” if southern whites were “let alone by the general government” • One year later “by state legislation, by fraud by intimidation and violence, blacks have lost the right to suffrage.” nothing done.

46. The ideal of an interracial party to protect the interests of the poor (1890s)– populists and in NC, the fusion party. A nightmare to the elite. Newspapers condemned the idea, “socialists and adventurers…shamelessly allied with a race of brutal savages and barbarians” Disenfranchisement in NC

47. The Coup of 1898

49. Warmup: On your own paper, do not mark on the documents, take notes on the documents provided that would aid you writing a response to the DBQ prompt. • Homework: Study for exam.

50. 1898 • White supremacy campaigns of 1898 • Use of newspapers • White vigilantes • Wilmington Pogrom 1898  defeat of Fusion Party and election of Democrats • Majority black city (11k – 8k) • “go to the polls tomorrow, if you find the Negro out voting, tell him to leave the polls, and if he refuses, kill him, shoot him down in his tracks.” • Following election AA newspaper office burned\, repeating rifles used to drive AAs into swamp, 2000 fled, maybe 300 dead • “we have taken a city” NandO – ‘permanent good government by the party of the white man.”