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Genetics and Genetic Engineering

This overview covers foundational terms in genetics and genetic engineering, including cloning, DNA manipulation, and the role of enzymes. Key concepts such as genes, mutations, and methods like electrophoresis and gel electrophoresis are defined, alongside techniques for DNA transfer and recombinant DNA technology. Understanding these terms is crucial for comprehending the mechanisms of heredity, gene expression, and the advancements in genetic modification that influence modern biology and biotechnology.

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Genetics and Genetic Engineering

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  1. Genetics and Genetic Engineering

  2. terms • agar- porous gelatin like material used as a support matrix for living cells in artificial environments

  3. centrifuge • device for separating substances on the basis of density

  4. clones • organisms or cells of nearly identical genetic makeup derived from a single source

  5. complementary • containing structures that match or bond with related structures

  6. electrophoresis • technique used to separate migrating molecules in an electrical field

  7. Excise • to remove a part by a process similar to cutting

  8. Expression • the appearance of a trait directed by a gene

  9. Genetic code • a series of three nucleotide bases that determine the amino acid order and the proteins formed in cell reproduction

  10. Genetic Engineering • technology involved in removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule

  11. Genetics • science dealing with passage of traits from one generation to another

  12. Host • a cell or organism that harbors another organism or DNA from a foreign source

  13. Hybrid • offspring or cell originating from parents with differing genetic makeup

  14. Ligase • enzyme used to join two pieces of DNA

  15. Molecular weight • sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule

  16. Mutation • a heritable change in genetic makeup

  17. Nucleotides • building blocks of nucleic acid composed of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base

  18. Plasmid • a small, usually circular, piece of DNA that is separate from the chromosomal DNA

  19. Polymerase • an enzyme that joins nucleotides to make nucleic acid

  20. Recombinant DNA • DNA that has been altered by genetic engineering

  21. Restriction enzyme • restriction endonuclease • enzyme that cuts DNA strands at specific sites

  22. sequence • order of nucleotides or amino acids

  23. template • a pattern used for developing a complementary structure

  24. trait • a characteristic resulting from gene expression

  25. transform • to change the genetic makeup of an organism by alteration of the DNA

  26. vector • an agent such as a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a host cell

  27. Living material • Organism - unit of living matter capable of independent function and reproduction

  28. Complex Organism • higher organism • an organism with cells, tissues, and organs arranged to function as a single unit • ex. Plants, animals, humans

  29. Organ • arrangement of tissues which provides life support function for an organism • leaf is an organ that carries out respiration, transpiration and ps.

  30. Tissue • arrangement of cells with similar structures in clusters or sheets for specific function in an organ

  31. Cell • smallest structural unit of living matter that is capable of carrying out basic life processes

  32. Basic Cell structures • cell wall - protective layer in plants that keeps the cell intact

  33. cell membrane • delicate structure that surrounds the cell

  34. chloroplasts • site of photosynthesis in plant cells • contain some DNA

  35. Cytoplasm • cell fluid containing all cell structures

  36. Nucleus • control center of a cell • contains most of the DNA

  37. Chromosomes • structures that are physical carriers of genes • made p of DNA • are located in cell nucleus

  38. Mitochondria • energy producing structures in the cell cytoplasm • contain some DNA

  39. Plasmid • extra chromosomal piece of DNA • located in the cell cytoplasm

  40. Ribosome • site where new proteins are produced • result of genetic expression

  41. Cell reproduction • mitosis - occurs in body (somatic) cells • increases by simple division • chromosomes remain paired during cell division

  42. meiosis • occurs in reproductive cells (gametes)

  43. meiosis • increases by division into single chromosomes and recombination of male and female cells to form a new individual

  44. meiosis • one chromosome from each parent forms the new pair • each organism has a specific number of paired chromosomes

  45. Genetic engineering • technology involved in removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule

  46. Genetic engineering • movement of a gene from one organism to another

  47. Other names • recombinant DNA technology • recombinant DNA science • gene transfer • gene splicing gene cloning

  48. Naturally occurring • alternations in the genetic makeup of plants and animals allow them to respond to changes in their environment

  49. Naturally occurring • some bacteria and viruses change the function of cells by inserting their DNA into the DNA of the cell

  50. Naturally occurring • natural selection ensures that the adapted individual leaves offspring for the next generation

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