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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed). Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers. Psychological Disorders. Psychological Disorder a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: atypical- not enough in itself

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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

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  1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

  2. Psychological Disorders • Psychological Disorder • a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: • atypical- not enough in itself • disturbing- varies with time & culture • maladaptive- harmful • unjustifiable- sometimes there’s a good reason

  3. Historical Perspective • Perceived Causes • movements of sun or moon • lunacy- full moon • evil spirits • Ancient Treatments • exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

  4. Psychological Disorders • Medical Model • concept that diseases have physical causes • can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured • assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

  5. Biological (Evolution, individual genes, brain structures and chemistry) Psychological (Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories) Sociocultural (Roles, expectations, definition of normality and disorder) Psychological Disorders • Bio-psycho-social Perspective • assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

  6. Psychological Disorders- Etiology • DSM-IV • American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) • a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

  7. Psychological Disorders- Etiology • Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now) • usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially • Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety • Psychotic disorder • person loses contact with reality • experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

  8. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety Disorders • distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety • Generalized Anxiety Disorder • person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal • Phobia • persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

  9. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage of people surveyed Snakes Being in high, exposed places Mice Flying on an airplane Being closed in, in a small place Spiders and insects Thunder and lightning Being alone In a house at night Dogs Driving a car Being In a crowd of people Cats Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it Anxiety Disorders • Common and uncommon fears

  10. Anxiety Disorders • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) • Panic Disorder • marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

  11. Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or Behavior Percentage* Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40 Symmetry order, or exactness 24 Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, 85 or grooming Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, 51 up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, 46 car brake, homework Anxiety Disorders

  12. Anxiety Disorders • PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder • High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

  13. Mood Disorders • Mood Disorders • characterized by emotional extremes • Major Depressive Disorder • a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

  14. Mood Disorders • Manic Episode • a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state • Bipolar Disorder • a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania • formerly called manic-depressive disorder

  15. Around the world women are more susceptible to depression 20 15 10 5 0 Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand Mood Disorders-Depression

  16. 10% 8 6 4 2 0 Percentage depressed Females Males 12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Age in Years Mood Disorders-Depression

  17. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Suicides per 100,000 people The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Females Males Mood Disorders- Suicide

  18. 12% 10 8 6 4 2 0 Suicide rate, ages 15 to 19 (per 100,000) 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Mood Disorders-Suicide • Increasing rates of teen suicide

  19. Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood Disorders-Bipolar • PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings

  20. Brain chemistry Cognition Mood Mood Disorders-Depression • Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

  21. Percentage of observations 35% 30 25 20 15 Negative Positive behaviors behaviors Self-ratings Mood Disorders-Depression • A happy or depressed mood strongly influences people’s ratings of their own behavior

  22. 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 2 Negative explanatory style 3 Depressed mood Mood Disorders-Depression • The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

  23. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Disorders • conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings • Dissociative Identity Disorder • rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities • formerly called multiple personality disorder

  24. Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia • literal translation “split mind” • a group of severe disorders characterized by: • disorganized and delusional thinking • disturbed perceptions • inappropriate emotions and actions

  25. Schizophrenia • Delusions • false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders • Hallucinations • false sensory experiences such as seeing something without any external visual stimulus

  26. Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements Undifferentiated Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the or residual: above types Schizophrenia

  27. 40 30 20 10 0 Lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia for relatives of a schizophrenic General population Siblings Children Fraternal twin Children of two schizophrenia victims Identical twin Schizophrenia

  28. Personality Disorders • Personality Disorders • disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning • usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

  29. Personality Disorders • Antisocial Personality Disorder • disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members • may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

  30. Murderer Normal Personality Disorders • PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex

  31. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Percentage of criminal offenders Total crime Thievery Violence Both poverty and obstetrical complications Childhood poverty Obstetrical complications Personality Disorders

  32. Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders EthnicityGender Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6 Rates of Psychological Disorders

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