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The Biological Perspective

The Biological Perspective. Chapter 2. LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves . Overview of Nervous System. Nervous System - an extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body.

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The Biological Perspective

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  1. The Biological Perspective Chapter 2

  2. LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves Overview of Nervous System • Nervous System - an extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body. • Neuroscience – deals with the structure and function of the brain, neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue. • Relationship to behavior and learning. Menu

  3. The Nervous System

  4. The Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

  5. LO 2.3 Brain and spinal cord Central Nervous System • Central nervous system (CNS) - part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. • Spinal cord - a long bundle of neurons that • carries messages • is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes. Menu

  6. Reflex Arc • Reflex arc- controlled by the spinal chord alone allows for very fast response times

  7. LO 2.4 Somatic and autonomic nervous systems Peripheral Nervous System • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself • Divided into the: • Somatic nervous system • Autonomic nervous system Menu

  8. LO 2.4 Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems Autonomic Nervous System • Autonomic nervous system (ANS) - division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands • Composed of: • Sympathetic division Reacts to stressful events and bodily arousal. • Parasympathetic division – restores body to normal functioning after arousal Menu

  9. Autonomic Divisions Sympathetic Parasympathetic Eyes Lungs Heart Stomach Blood Vessels

  10. LO 2.4 Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems Somatic Nervous System • Somatic nervous system - division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body. Menu

  11. LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves Structure of the Neuron • Neuron – cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages. • Parts of a Neuron • Dendrites - branch-like structures that receive messages. • Soma – contains the nucleus and keeps the cell alive and functioning • Axon - long tube-like structure that carries messages out to other cells Menu

  12. Structure of the Neuron

  13. LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves Glial Cells • Glial cells - grey fatty cells that: • Provide support for the neurons to grow • Deliver nutrients to neurons • Produce myelin to coat axons Glial Cell Menu

  14. Myelin Sheath Myelin - fatty substances that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. • Clean up waste products and dead neurons. Myelin

  15. LO 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves Generating the Message: Neural Impulse • Ions – charged particles inside and outside of neuron • Inside neuron – mostly negatively charged. • Outside neuron – mostly positively charged. • Resting potential - the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse. • Action potential - the release of the neural impulse • All-or-none - referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all. Menu

  16. Action Potential

  17. Action Potential

  18. The Synapse • Space between Axon • and Dendrite of a • receiving cell • The location where • Neurotransmitters are • released

  19. LO 2.2 Neuron communication Neuron Communication • Excitatory neurotransmitter - neurotransmitter that causes a receiving cell to fire. • Inhibitory neurotransmitter - neurotransmitter that causes a receiving cell to stop firing. Excitatory Inhibitory Menu

  20. How Drugs Work • Drugs similar in shape to neurotransmitters can stimulate receptor cites just like neurotransmitters do • Agonists- mimic or enhance the effects of neurotransmitters • Antagonists- block or reduce the effects of neurotransmitters

  21. LO 2.2 Neuron communication Neurotransmitters Menu

  22. LO 2.5 Study of the brain Peeking Inside the Brain • Deep lesioning – sending electrical current via a wire, which destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire. • Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) – sending milder electrical current via a wire to explore the activity of the brain • http://www.youtube.com/watchv=IOHtUzW02cg&feature=related • Electroencephalograph (EEG) – Records brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6XeCwFQrCA&NR=1 Menu

  23. LO 2.5 Study of the brain Peeking Inside the Brain • Computed tomography (CT) - brain-imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain. • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields. FMRI- more detailed • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cwda7YWK0WQ • Positron emission tomography (PET) - brain-imaging method in which an injected radioactive sugar shows the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity. Menu

  24. FMRI Scans

  25. LO 2.6 Structures of the bottom part of brain The Brain Stem • Medulla – Forms the lowest part of the brain • Responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate. Medulla Menu

  26. The Brain Stem • Pons – Structure above the medulla • Connects the top of the brain to the bottom • Plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination, and arousal. Pons

  27. LO 2.6 Structures of the bottom part of brain The Brain Stem • Cerebellum - part of the lower brain located behind the Pons • Controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement. • Controls voluntary movements that happen in rapid succession Cerebellum Menu

  28. LO 2.7 Structures controlling emotion, learning, memory, and motivation The Limbic System • Limbic system - a group of several brain structures involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation. Thalamus Hypothalamus Olfactory bulbs Amygdala Hippocampus Menu

  29. LO 2.7 Structures controlling emotion, learning, memory, and motivation The Limbic System • Hypothalamus- located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland • Regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleeping, waking, • Responsible for motivational behavior Hypothalamus Menu

  30. The Limbic System • Thalamus - part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain • Relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex • Processes some info prior to relaying it Thalamus

  31. The Limbic System • Hippocampus - curved structure located within each temporal lobe • Formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects. Hippocampus

  32. The Limbic System • Amygdala - brain structure located near the hippocampus • Responsible for fear responses and memory of fear. Amygdala

  33. The Limbic System • Olfactory bulbs - two projections just under the front of the brain • Receive information from the receptors in the nose located just below. Olfactory bulbs

  34. LO 2.7 Structures controlling emotion, learning, memory, and motivation The Cortex • Cortex - outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons • responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input. Menu

  35. The Cortex: Various Primates

  36. LO 2.8 Parts of cortex controlling senses and movement Cerebral Hemispheres • Cerebral hemispheres - the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain. • Corpus callosum - thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Corpus callosum Corpus callosum Menu

  37. Kim Peek http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJjAbs-3kc8&p=C74C071676B9229C&playnext=1&index=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Auufbu_ZdDI&feature=related

  38. LO 2.8 Parts of cortex controlling senses and movement Four Lobes of the Brain • Occipital lobe – section containing the visual centers of the brain. • Primary visual cortex – processes visual information from the eyes. • Visual association cortex – identifies and makes sense of visual information. Menu

  39. Four Lobes of the Brain • Parietal lobes – sections containing centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations. • Somatosensory cortex – responsible for processing information from the skin and receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste.

  40. LO 2.8 Parts of cortex controlling senses and movement Four Lobes of the Brain • Temporal lobes – areas containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech. • Primary auditory cortex – processes auditory information from the ears. • Auditory association cortex – identifies/ makes sense of auditory information. Menu

  41. Four Lobes of the Brain • Frontal lobes – areas responsible for higher mental processes, decision making, and the production of fluent speech. • Motor cortex – responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system.

  42. Four Lobes: Summary

  43. LO 2.9 Parts of cortex responsible for higher thought Association Areas of Cortex Wernicke’s aphasia • Association areas- areas responsible for interpreting information • Broca’s aphasia – result of damage to Broca’sarea-Inability to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fw6d54gjuvA • Wernicke’saphasia – result of damage to Wernicke’sarea-Inability to understand or produce meaningful language. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVhYN7NTIKU&feature=related Broca’s aphasia Menu

  44. Association Areas of the Brain • Spatial neglect - condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere • Inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADchGO-0kGo&feature=related

  45. LO 2.10 Left side and right side of brain Split Brain Research • Split brain research • Study of patients with severed corpus callosum. • Involves sending messages to only one side of the brain. • Demonstrates right and left brain specialization. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCv4K5aStdU Menu

  46. LO 2.10 Left side and right side of brain Results of Split Brain Research • Left side of the brain: • seems to control language, writing, logical thought, analysis, and mathematical abilities, • processes information sequentially, • Right side of the brain • controls emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions, • processes information globally Menu

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