Lecture 17 Review for Exam 2

1. Lecture 17 Review for Exam 2

2. Chapters Covered ChapterTitleLecture 8 Time and Geology 10 9 Mass Wasting 11 10 Streams and Floods 12 11 Ground Water 13 12 Glaciers and Glaciation 14 13 Deserts and Wind Action 15 14 Waves, Beaches, and Coasts 16

3. Time and GeologyConcepts Deep Time Relative Time Absolute Time Principles of Relative Time Types of Unconformity Methods of Correlation Standard Geologic Time Scale Divisions Meanings of Era Names When do we live? Isotopes Radioactive Decay Types Important Decay Systems Isotopic Dating Principles Uses

4. Time and GeologyHelpful Figures and Tables Textbook Lab Manual Figures 8.1-8.11 Geologic History of Minor Canyon Figure 8.12 Age relationships indicated by contact metamorphism ... Figure 8.20 Use of fossil assemblages Figure 8.22 Three modes of radioactive decay Table 8.3 Radioactive Isotopes Commonly Used for Dating Figure 8.27 Deep Time thought experiment Figure 8.1 Three common types of unconformity Figures 8.2 - 8.12 Examples of use of relative dating principles Figure 8.16 Radioactive Decay, Decay parameters of useful Isotopes Lecture Slides

5. Time and GeologyTerms to Know angular unconformity conformity contact cross-cutting relationship daughter isotope disconformity formation half-life inclusion isotope lateral continuity nonconformity original horizontality parent isotope radiometric dating superposition uniformitarianism

6. Mass WastingConcepts Classification of Mass Wasting Controlling Factors on Mass Wasting Types of Mass Wasting

7. Mass WastingHelpful Figures and Tables Textbook Table 9.1 Types of Mass Wasting Figure 9.1Flow, Slide, and Fall Table 9.2 Summary of Controls of Mass Wasting Figure 9.4 Indicators of Creep Figure 9.7 Earthflow Figure 9.10 Solifluction Figure 9.14 Two examples of rockfall Figure 9.18 A hillside becomes vulnerable to mass wasting due to ... Figure 9.19 Use of drains to prevent mass wasting Figure 9.20 Safe and Unsafe roadcuts Lab Manual Lecture Slides

8. Mass WastingTerms to Know angle of repose creep debris debris avalanche debris fall debris flow debris slide earthflow fall flow landslide mass wasting mudflow rock avalanche rock fall rockslide rotational slide shear force shear strength slide solifluction talus translational slide

9. Streams and FloodsConcepts The Hydrologic Cycle Drainage Runoff Drainage Basins Stream Order Drainage Patterns Stream Valley Development Stream Function Controls on Stream Function Erosion and Erosional Features Transportation Depositional Landforms

10. Streams and FloodsHelpful Figures and Tables Textbook Figure 10.1 The Hydrologic Cycle Figure 10.2 Longitudinal and cross sections of a typical stream Figure 10.4 Drainage basin of the Mississippi Figure 10.5 Drainage patterns and underlying rock Figure 10.6 Regions of maximum velocity in a stream Figure 10.7 Hjulstrom's Diagram Figure 10.8 Channel shape and roughness influence stream velocity Figure 10.9 Channel width variations caused by rock type and ... Figure 10.14 Stream bed load and suspended load Figure 10.27 Natural levee deposition during a flood Figure 10.30 Shape of delta and sediment supply Figure 10.31 Alluvial Fan Figure 10.40 Base level is the lowest level of downcutting Figure 10.41 Ungraded and Graded streams Figure 10.42 Lateral Erosion Figure 10.45 Development of Stream Terraces Figure 10.47 Incised Meanders Figure 10.48 Development of a Superposed Stream

11. Streams and FloodsHelpful Figures and Tables Lab Manual Figure 11.1 General features of stream drainage basins, streams, and ... Figure 11.2 Stream drainage patterns Figure 11.10 map of the Rio Grande in 1992 Lecture

12. Streams and FloodsHelpful Figures and Tables

13. Streams and FloodsHelpful Figures and Tables

14. Streams and FloodsTerms to Know alluvial fan bar base level bed load braided stream capacity channel flow competence delta dendritic pattern discharge dissolved load distributary divide downcutting drainage basin drainage pattern drainage system flood plain fluvial landform graded stream hydrologic cycle incised meander lateral erosion meander meander cutoff natural levee oxbow lake point bar radial pattern rectangular pattern saltation sheet flow stream stream channel stream gradient stream order stream terrace trellis pattern tributary

15. Ground WaterConcepts The Water Table Movement of Ground Water Hydraulic Head, Gradient, and Darcy's Law Ground Water Velocity Darcy's Law Springs and Streams Aquifers and Wells Effects of Ground Water Ground Water Contamination

16. Ground WaterHelpful Figures and Tables Textbook Page 259 World Distribution of Water Table 11.1 Porosity and Permeability of Sediments and Rocks Figure 11.2 Perched water table Box 11.1 - Figure 1 Hydraulic Head Box 11.1 - Figure 2 Ground Water Flow Figure 11.3 Movement of Ground Water below a sloping water table Figure 11.4 Good wells and bad wells Figure 11.6 Confined and Unconfined aquifers; Ground water flow Figure 11.7 Seasonal variations in unconfined aquifers Figure 11.8 Pumping well and cone of depression Figure 11.12 Formation of springs Figure 11.13 Gaining and losing streams Figure 11.15 Map view of contaminant plume Figure 11.17 Rock type and distance control contamination of ... Figure 11.18 Ground water problems caused/aggravated by wells Figure 11.23 Karst topography Lab Manual Lecture Slides

17. Ground WaterHelpful Figures and Tables

18. Ground WaterTerms to Know aquifer artesian well cave cone of depression confined aquifer discharge zone drawdown gaining stream ground water hydraulic gradient hydraulic head losing stream perched water table permeability porosity recharge recharge area (zone) saturated zone sinkhole spring unconfined aquifer vadose zone water table well

19. Glaciers and GlaciationConcepts Distribution of Glaciers Types of Glaciers Formation and Growth of Glaciers Evolution of Snow to Ice Glacial Movement Erosional Glacial Landforms Depositional Glacial Landforms Glacial Water Bodies Past Glaciation

20. Glaciers and GlaciationHelpful Figures and Tables Textbook Figure 12.3 Cross section of ice sheet Figure 12.4 Conversion of snow to glacier ice Figure 12.6 A valley glacier as it would appear at end of melt season Figure 12.8 Movement of a glacier Figure 12.9 Crevasses Figure 12.12 Plucking and Abrasion Figure 12.14 Landscape evolution Figure 12.25 Moraines associated with valley glaciers Figure 12.28 Depositional features in front of a receding ice sheet Figure 12.33 Maximum glaciation during Pleistocene Ice Age Lab Manual Figure 13.1 Active mountain glaciation in a hypothetical region Figure 13.2 Erosional features remain after total ablation Figure 13.3 Erosional features produced by mountain or continental ... Figure 13.4 Depositional features produced by mountain or ... Figure 13.5 Water bodies of glaciated regions Figure 13.6 Continental glaciation produces these characteristic ... Figure 13.7 Continental glaciation leaves behind these characteristic ... Lecture Slides

21. Glaciers and GlaciationTerms to Know receding glacier rock flour tarn terminus theory of glacial ages till valley glacier zone of ablation zone of accumulation ground moraine hanging valley head horn iceberg ice cap ice sheet kame kettle lateral moraine loess marginal lake medial moraine moraine outwash paternoster lake plucking ablation abrasion advancing glacier alpine glaciation arete basal sliding cirque continental glaciation crevasse drumlin end (terminal) moraine equilibrium line erratic esker finger lake firn glacier

22. Deserts and Wind ActionConcepts Deserts Characteristics Distribution Characteristics Distribution Atmospheric Circulation Rain Shadow Cool Ocean Currents Distance From Ocean Desert Landforms Wind Action Erosion Transportation Deposition

23. Glaciers and GlaciationHelpful Figures and Tables Textbook Figure 13.3 World distribution of nonpolar deserts Figure 13.4 Rain shadow Figure 13.7 Characteristic landforms of the Colorado Plateau Figure 13.8 Monoclines, hogbacks and cuestas Figure 13.10 Two possible geometries of faults that control the ... Figure 13.11 Development of landforms associated with Basin and ... Figure 13.17 Blowouts Figure 13.22 Sand dune formation and movement Lab Manual Figure 14.1 Eolian erosion, transport, and deposition Figure 14.3 Common types of sand dunes Figure 14.7 Typical landforms of arid mountainous deserts in regions ... Lecture Slides

24. Deserts and Wind ActionTerms to Know bajada barchan blowout butte deflation desert flash flood gravel pavement Hadley Cell loess longitudinal dune mesa parabolic dune pediment plateau playa playa lake rain shadow sand dune slip face transverse dune ventifact

25. Waves, Beaches, and CoastsConcepts Waves Types Evolution Motion Properties Breakers Nearshore Circulation Wave Refraction Longshore Currents Rip Currents The Beach Coastal Sediment Budget Nearshore Sediment Dynamics Landforms Human Interference Coastal Types and Landforms

26. Waves, Beaches, and CoastsHelpful Figures and Tables Textbook Figure 14.3 Orbital motion of water waves Figure 14.4 Deep water wave begins to "feel" the bottom Figure 14.5 Wave refraction Figure 14.6 Rip currents Figure 14.8 Seasonal cycle of a beach Figure 14.9 Longshore drift of sand Figure 14.11 Formation of a tombolo Figure 14.12 Man-made coastal structures Figure 14.13 Wave refraction on an irregular coast Figure 14.14 Coastal straightening Lab Manual Figure 15.1 Emergent coastline features Figure 15.2 Submergent coastline features Figure 15.3 Coastal structures Lecture Slides

27. Waves, Beaches, and CoastsTerms to Know swash swell tombolo trough (of wave) wave wave-cut platform wave amplitude wave base wave frequency wave height wave length wave period wave refraction wave train marine terrace overwash fan plunging waves primary coast rip current rip current feeder rip current head rip current neck ripple sea arch sea cliff secondary coast spilling waves spit stack surf surging waves barrier island baymouth bar beach beach face berm breaker coast coastal straightening crest estuary fetch fjord groin headland jetty longshore current longshore drift