Religious, Life, Slavery, Women's Rights, Industrial, Immigration, and Westward Expansion: 1800s in America

1. Chapter 8

2. Religious Changes • Revival—emotional meeting designed to awaken faith. Became very popular during the 1800s. • Numerous different denominations (Baptist, Methodists) • More African Americans turned to Christianity

3. Life Changes • Transcendentalism—led by Ralph Waldo Emerson, philosophical and literary movement that focused on living a simple life. • Henry David Thoreau—another famous transcendentalist, stressed ideas of optimism, freedom, and celebrating nature. • Civil Disobedience—Not following laws that you think are not fair (became much more popular)

4. Nursing and Education Changes • Dorothea Dix—famous nurse that was influential in changing the conditions in mental hospitals and prisons. She was more concerned with rehabilitation. • Education was way more important in the North. Horace Mann became the first national leader in education. Eventually, all states passed laws forcing kids to go to school.

5. Slavery Changes • Abolition-outlaw of slavery. This was becoming more and more popular within the North. • William Lloyd Garrison—main supporter of freeing the slaves (Emancipation). • People in the South became very upset at the people who wanted to end slavery.

6. Slavery Changes • Fredrick Douglas—Black man who lived in the North, very outspoken about ending slavery. • By 1830’s, there were 2 millions slaves living in America (most born here). • Clear division between the different types of slavery (rural vs. city). • Nat Turner—started a slave rebellion in Virginia. Killed around 60 white men before being captured and hanged. Made white people very afraid

7. Women’s Rights Changes • In the early 1800s, women began to fight for equal rights. • Cult of Domesticity—belief that women should only be focused on housework and family. • It wasn’t until the 1830’s that women had a chance to get any sort of education past the elementary level. • Women’s rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, NY. Stanton and Mott (leaders) cam up with a list of demands that women had…helped get some things accomplished.

8. Other Changes • Temperance Movement—Alcohol was very popular during the 1800s. Many people were concerned, this caused them to try to prohibit drinking. • Sojourner Truth—Black lady that supported abolition and women’s rights. Gave them a voice.

9. Industrial Changes • Cottage Industry—economic system where manufacturers provided the materials for goods to be produced at home. During the 1830’s, there were more and more factories producing goods at a higher rate. • Got rid of the master/apprentice system…it also caused a need of more and more unskilled workers (immigrants). Women also began to work more and more in the mills/factories (didn’t have to pay as much)

10. Conditions • Conditions at a lot of these places was real bad because there were no laws to regulate them. • Long hours, no fresh air, no light. • Many workers went on strike—quit their jobs until conditions improved. • Also caused more workers to form unions (groups that would fight for the right of workers)

11. Immigrants • The number of European immigrants rose dramatically. • Most of the new immigrants were from Germany and Ireland. • Irish tended to live in cities, Germans tended to move to rural areas (Midwest). • Irish moved to America because of the potato famine. A lot of opposition to them because they were Catholic and poor.

13. Expanding Markets/Moving West

14. Economic Changes • Specialization—raising one or two crops that they would be able to sell. Farmers began to do this more and more. • Market Revolution—when people began to buy and sell goods instead of making them for their own use. This caused the nations economy to grow substantially.

15. Economic Changes cont.. • Capitalism—economic principle where private business and individuals control the means of production while trying to make a profit. This is what the US economy is based on. • Entrepreneurs—people that risked their own money to create a new business or industry

16. Charles Goodyear—Invented vulcanized rubber Elias Howe—Sewing Machine Samuel Morse—Telegraph All improved economic and daily life Inventions

17. National Transportation • Railroads became the most efficient and safe way for goods and people to travel. • Our country was starting to become more dependent on other parts of the country for goods and services.

18. Farming • People began to move to the Midwest because of the available/good farm land. • John Deere—steel plow • Cyrus McCormick—mechanical reaper • Both inventions made life much more easier for farmers…also made farming more profitable.

20. Manifest Destiny • Manifest Destiny—belief that the United States’ destiny was to expand to the Pacific Ocean (into Mexican Territory) • People wanted to move west for the land, money, and trade. • There were many conflicts that went along with this thought.

22. Blackhawk War • Settlers in Western Illinois wanted to kick the Fox Indians out of Illinois and into Iowa, • Chief Blackhawk led a rebellion against the Illinois militia. • He was eventually caught and killed, many the Fox were forced into Iowa.

24. Ft. Laramie Treaty • Gave Native Americans some land if they promised to leave the white people alone. • Were allowed to live in places east of the Rocky Mountains. These were places that no white person really wanted to live in anyways. • Start of the Reservation System

25. Santa Fe Trail • Went from Independence Missouri to Santa Fe New Mexico. • People worked together and were able to trade with Mexicans. • Allowed us to learn a lot about the American Southwest.

27. Oregon Trail • Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon. • Long and dangerous trip that killed many people. • Lots of people wanted to live in the American Northwest

29. Mormons • Joseph Smith—Founder of the Mormons • Mormons—Religious group (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) • Brigham Young—decided to move the Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah. This was a place where they could worship what they wanted without being persecuted. • Had spent time in Nauvoo Illinois before moving west.

30. Mormons

31. Mexican Independence • Mexico became independent from Spain in 1821. • This led to a significant increase in the amount of trade between Mexico and America. • Mexicans could not control all the land they had….they encourage Americans to move into Texas. (Americans would hopefully help them control the land)

32. Texas • Stephen Austin—established the first American settlement in Texas. Encouraged more Americans to move there. • This increase in Americans led to increased tensions between Americans and the Mexican government. • Santa Anna—Mexican President and general. Became very upset when Austin asked for Texas to be independent.

33. Independence • Texans started to rebel against Mexico after Santa Anna took all of their power away. • Alamo—187 Texans were killed (Davy Crocket, Jim Bowie). It was a major battle because the Texans were able to hold off the Mexican Army for a long time. (Inspiration) • Sam Houston—Texan general that defeated Santa Anna . This caused Texas to be an independent country called the Lone Star Republic.

35. Texas

36. Texas and the USA • Texas wanted to become a state right away in 1836. Many people in the North were against this because Texas would have slaves. • Eventually in 1845, James Polk annexed Texas (Let the become part of America) • This made Mexico really upset

37. Mexico vs USA • James Polk (president) was more concerned with expansion then peace with Mexico. • He thought that winning a war vs. Mexico might give the United States New Mexico and California. • Polk told his best general (Zachary Taylor) to blockade the Rio Grande River (between Texas/Mexico). Polk hoped this would cause Mexico to attack the US (which they did).

38. Mexican-American War • Many Northerners (Lincoln) saw how Polk had baited the Mexicans into war. • People in the South loved the idea of the war because it would give them more land to expand slavery….people in the North hated it for the same reason.

39. Mexican-American War • Stephen Kearny—took troops in New Mexico and California. Easily able to win both of those lands because the people there wanted to be part of America. • The US had great generals fighting in Mexico (Robert E Lee, Ulysses S Grant, Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor) • The US won almost every battle, they used different strategies (amphibious)

41. Surrender • September 14th, 1847, Zachary Taylor and his troops captured Mexico City. • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo—Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande River as the border with Texas. Mexico also gave up its claim to New Mexico and California. • Gadsden Purchase—US bought additional land South of New Mexico, formed the current boundary.

43. Post-War • Zachary Taylor was elected President in 1848. • Also in 1848, James Marshall discovered gold in California. Thousands of people moved to California in hopes of finding gold.

44. Gold Rush • Those people that moved to California were called the Forty-Niners. • San Francisco became the center of the gold rush. Population increased by 35,000 in 2 years. • Many Chinese and African Americans moved to California to look for gold. • California had over 100,000 people by 1850. It applied to become a state without going through the process and was successful (controversy)