Persuasive Appeals

1. AP LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION Persuasive Appeals Logos

2. Logos = Logic • Reason (objective proof) is used to spell out claims that are logically sound and supported by reliable evidence. • Logic can be either deductive, inductive, or both

3. Premise vs. Conclusion • Ask yourself what you are trying to prove. What is your conclusion? • The statements that give your reasons are your premises. • I am an optimist. It does not seem to be much use being anything else. (Churchill) • “I am an optimist” is the conclusion • “It does not seem to be much use being anything else” is the premise or reason for the conclusion

4. Premises vs Conclusion • A dog was kept in the stalls, and yet, though someone had been in and fetched out a horse, [the dog] had not barked. . . . Obviously the . . . visitor was someone whom the dog knew well. (Sherlock Holmes in “The Adventure of Silver Blaze” • Explicit Premise: the dog didn’t bark • General fact premise: he assumes we know that all dogs bark at strangers • Conclusion: The visitor wasn’t a stranger.

5. Distinguishing the Difference • What is the author trying to convince you to believe? This is the claim/conclusion • Conclusion indicators: therefore, thus, hence, so, consequently, this shows that • Then ask what reasons the author gives to convince you. These are the premises. • Premise indicators: because, since, given that, for, on the grounds that, this follows from

6. Premise and Conclusion Practice

7. Inductive Reasoning • Particular to the general • Generalizations are made on an observed fact (often used in scientific experimentation). • Easiest for the audience to accept because evidence is provided • Example: Every patient suffering from flu that the doctor examined had a fever. Therefore, fever must be a symptom of flu.

8. Deductive Reasoning - Syllogism • moving from the general belief to the particular • every syllogism contains at least three parts: • a major premise (global assumption) • a minor premise (specific claim) • a conclusion

9. all men are mortal (major premise) (minor premise) Socrates is a man An example of a syllogism (conclusion) Socrates is mortal

10. all men are mortal all things mortal men Socrates is a man Socrates Socrates is mortal A visual representation

11. all mammals have hair (major premise) (minor premise) fish do not have hair An example of a syllogism (conclusion) fish are not mammals

12. all mammals have hair all things with hair fish do not have hair mammals fish A visual representation fish are not mammals

13. All women are bad drivers. bad drivers woman Jean is a woman. Jean Jean is a bad driver. A visual representation

14. Simple Syllogism Practice

15. What is an enthymeme? • sometimes called a “truncated syllogism” • a syllogism without stating either the major or minor premise (it is implied) • less formal than the syllogism • sometimes more persuasive

16. An example of an enthymeme We cannot trust this man because he has perjured himself in the past. Enthymemes are often “because” statements.

17. Those who perjure themselves cannot be trusted. (major premise) This man perjured himself in the past. (minor premise) (conclusion) This man cannot be trusted. The syllogism behind this enthymeme…

18. Enthymemes are sometimes used to hide the underlying assumption upon which an argument is based. Find it and challenge it. Beware. Think Critically.

19. What are the unstated assumptions? • I failed that course because the instructor didn’t like me. Assumption: The instructor fails students he doesn’t like. • I’m not surprised he made the team. After all, his father is the superintendent of schools. Assumption: The superintendent gives special favors to his family • If I’d only taken my boss to lunch more often, I could have gotten that raise. Assumption: The boss denies raises to people who don’t take him to lunch very often.

20. Practice