Download
1 / 20
210 likes | 316 Vues
On June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian nationalist. This pivotal event ignited the tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, triggering a complex web of alliances that led to the outbreak of World War I. Militarism, nationalism, and imperial rivalries played key roles in the conflict's escalation. Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia set off a chain reaction, drawing in major powers and ultimately leading to a devastating stalemate characterized by modern warfare tactics and trench warfare.
E N D
The Road to War Angela Brown Chapter 10 Section 1
June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife were shot to death in Sarajevo, Bosniaby terrorist Gavrilo Princip. • Sarajevo was a new province within the Hungarian Empire. • Princip, a Bosnian Nationalist, believed Austria-Hungary had no right to rule Bosnia. • http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/8/8c/220px-Franz_ferdinand.jpg
Causes of WWI • Imperialism, militarism, nationalism and alliances played apart. • Imperialism – sharpened rivalries within Europe – Japan joined in when it won the Sino-Japanese war 1895 and acquired Korea, Taiwan, and territory on China’s mainland. • Militarism- diplomacy had taken a back seat to militarism – endless planning for war made war much more likely
3. Nationalism – 1. tendency for countries to act in their own interest, when such action went against another nation, warfare could result. 2. Ethnic minority in a country fights for independence leds to violence • 4, Alliances – alliances bound great powers to come to each others aid in the event of attack
Conflict Expands • July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia convinced they were behind the attack. • July 29 – Russia, as Serbia’s protector, began mobilization. • Germany, Austria-Hungary’s ally demanded Russia stop mobilizing. • Russia refused. • Russia’s ally France began to ready troops. • Germany did as well.
Aug. 1 – Germany declared War on Russia. The country lay between Russia and France had developed a first strike strategy. • Schlieffen Plan – quick sweep through France then concentrate on Russia • German army had to pass through neutral Belgium- this brought Great Britain in as Belgium’s protector
Central Powers = Germany, Austria-Hungary • Allies = Russia, France, Serbia and Great Britain
Stalemate • Each side confident of a swift victory within 6 weeks. • Evenly matched = stalemate • Stalemate – situation in which neither side is able to gain advantage • Modern firepower – machine guns – long range artillery to stop advances • France and Great Britain held Germany 30 miles outside of Paris for months. http://ux1.eiu.edu/~nekey/gifsplus/british/trenches.jpg
Austrian army captured Belgrade, Serbian capital. • German and Austro-Hungarian forces pushed Russian lines back. • Ottoman Empire, Turkey, joined Central Powers. • Italy joined Allies in 1915.
Modern Warfare • Machine guns fired 450 rounds a minute. • Hand grenades, artillery shells, poison gases • Unaccustomed to weaponry – officers repeatedly gave order to attack • 1916 Battle of Somme – British lost 20,000 troops in one day. • http://www.diggerhistory2.info/graveyards/images/equip-uniforms-badges/fk-kit1914.jpg
http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/ WWI/Weapons/images/machinegun-grenades-sm.jpg
Morale sank – began using any tactic necessary (burned fields, killed livestock, poisoned wells) • German subs torpedoed any ship believed carrying arms to Allies. • British naval blockade starved German people. • http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/Weapons/images/BrowningGun-Rifle-sm.jpg
American Response • U.S. newspapers recorded war in bold headlines. • 1/3 nations 92 million 1st or 2nd generation immigrants – identified with old countries • ¼ German, 1/8 Italian favored Central Powers over Allies
Most Americans opposed the Central Powers. • Kaiser Wilhelm, an autocrat, ruler with unlimited power. • Americans saw German people frightening militarism, cold blood efficiency.
American Neutrality • Trade influenced American position on war. • German subs and British blockades put investments at risk. • Aug. 4, 1914 - President Wilson proclaimed U.S. neutral country. • Protested actions on both sides and tried to act as peacemaker.
Preparedness Movement • U.S. business leaders welcomed proclamation of neutrality. • “Preparedness” wanted U.S. to be in position to aid Great Britain due to commercial ties. • 1914 National Security League to “promote patriotic education and national sentiment and service among people of U.S.”.
1915 leaders convinced government to set up training camps. • 1916 Wilson had worked out argument with Congress for large increases in armed forces.
Peace Movement • Movement consisted of populists, progressives and social reformers. • Women were very active. • 1915 American Union Against Militarism founded.
Peace advocates in Congress insisted on paying for preparedness through makers of arms and higher income taxes. • They thought it would change the war attitude. • Congress increased taxes but preparedness movement remained strong.
