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Mutations

Mutations. A. C. A. A. T. C. C. A. G. T. A. G. transcription. nucleus. A. A. C. G. C. U. U. U. U. U. G. G. mRNA. ribosome. translation. Cytoplasm:. Ser. Trp. Phe. Gly. PROTEIN. Protein synthesis summary. DNA. Definition: A mutation is….

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Mutations

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  1. Mutations

  2. A C A A T C C A G T A G transcription nucleus A A C G C U U U U U G G mRNA ribosome translation Cytoplasm: Ser Trp Phe Gly PROTEIN Protein synthesis summary DNA

  3. Definition: A mutation is… • A change in the arrangement of bases in an individual gene or in the structure of the chromosome (which changes the arrangement of genes).

  4. Frequency and repair of mutations • Mutations can occur in gametes and somatic cells. • Chance of mutation is between 2-30 x 10-7 • Faulty DNA can be repaired by specific enzymes. • Unrepaired mutations will affect the new proteins being synthesised

  5. Point mutations are caused by: • Changes in an individual gene due to miscopying of one or more nucleotides. • Deletion or insertion of a nucleotide results in a frameshift: T C A G A T A C A T G C G Codon 4 Codon 3 Codon 1 Codon 2 Leu Ser Arg Ala Tyr Val

  6. Point mutations • Substitution mutations result in a change of one base: T A C G G C A T T A C G T G A A Met His Phe Leu Ala Val

  7. A B A A B B C C C D D D E E Chromosomal mutations • Gene deletion: C D E • Gene duplication:

  8. Y X A A W Z B B C D Chromosome mutations • Inversion: C D E • Translocation: E

  9. Whole-chromosome mutations • An entire chromosome is lost or repeated during cell division. • Example:Downs syndrome is caused by having an extra chromosme 21.

  10. The effect of mutations • Production of new/superior protein:Results: gain of reproductive advantage • Neutral mutation:Result: No change • Production of inferior or no protein:Result: Fatal and/or disease causing.

  11. Causes of mutations • Mutagens such as:X-raysionising radiationchemicals

  12. translocation duplication somatic deletion mutation insertion Down’s syndrome inversion mutagen Summary • Define the term:

  13. www.clickbiology.com

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