PENILAIAN KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK IRIGASI

1. PENILAIAN KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK IRIGASI

2. EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK IRIGASI Di daerahiklim arid dan semi-arid, didaerahpenelitian, menuruthasilklasifikasiiklim, metodeyg paling relevanuntukmemperbaikiproduksipertanianadalah “IRIGASI”. To decide where and how to irrigate, natural conditions, available types of crops and technology, previous experience, costs and benefit analysis, should be considered. Untukmeminimumkandampaknegatifakibatpraktekirigasi, sepertierositanahdansalinisasi, makadiperlukansistemevaluasiuntuktujuanirigasi. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

3. LAHAN IRIGASI Irigasimerupakanupaya yang dilakukanmanusiauntukmengairilahanpertanian. IrigasiPermukaanmerupakansistemirigasi yang menyadap air langsungdisungaimelaluibangunanbendungmaupunmelaluibangunanpengambilanbebas (free intake) kemudian air irigasidialirkansecaragravitasimelaluisaluransampaikelahanpertanian. Dalamhalinidikenalsaluran primer, sekunder, dantersier. Pengaturan air inidilakukandenganpintu air. Prosesnyaadalahgravitasi, tanah yang tinggiakanmendapat air lebihdulu. Sumber: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irigasi

4. LAHAN IRIGASI Di lahankering, air sangatlangkadanpemanfaatannyaharusefisien. Jumlah air irigasi yang diberikanditetapkanberdasarkankebutuhantanaman, kemampuantanahmemegang air, sertasaranairigasi yang tersedia. Adabeberapasistemirigasiuntuktanahkering, yaitu: (1) irigasitetes (drip irrigation), (2) irigasicurah (sprinkler irrigation), (3) irigasisaluranterbuka (open ditch irrigation), dan (4) irigasibawahpermukaan (subsurface irrigation). Sumber:

5. LAHAN IRIGASI Irigasiadalahsuaturekayasateknikdalamusahapenyediaan, pengaturan, pemanfaatan, danpembuangan air irigasiuntukmenunjangpertanian yang jenisnyameliputiirigasipermukaan, irigasirawa, irigasi air bawahtanah, irigasipompadanirigasitambak. (PP Irigasi no 20/2006) Sumber:

6. LAHAN IRIGASI Irigasi adalahusahapenyediaandanpengaturan air untukmenunjangpertanian yang jenisnyameliputiirigasi air permukaan, irigasi air bawahtanah, irigasipompadanirigasirawa PP 77/2001 Sumber:

7. EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK IRIGASI Metodologi SistemParametrikdigunakanuntukmengevaluasikesesuaianlahanbagipenggunaanirigasi (Sys et al., 1991); metodeinididasarkanatasgranulometricalbakudankarakteristikfisikadankimiatanah. Evaluasidilakukanuntukestimasikesesuaianlahanuntukirigasipermukaansekalakecil, sehinggatidakmelibatkanteknik-teknikseperti “drop irrigation”, yang mungkinakanmemberikanhasilevaluaisygberbeda. Only potential land characteristics were taken into account but nothing is here reported about effective irrigation possibilities, i.e. about irrigation water availability. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

8. EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK IRIGASI Faktor-faktorygmempengaruhikesesuaiantanahuntukirigasidapatdikelompokkanmenjadiempatgolongan: Ciri-ciriFisikatanah, that determine the soil-water relationship in the soil such as permeability and available water content (both related to texture, structure, soil depth and calcium carbonates status); Ciri-ciri Kimia Tanah, that interfere in the salinity/alkalinity status, such as soluble salts and exchangeable Na; Ciri-ciri Drainage; FaktorLingkungan, sepertilereng. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

9. During heavy rainfall the upper soil layers become saturated and pools may form. Water percolates to deeper layers and infiltrates from the pools. Sumber : http://www.fao.org/docrep/R4082E/r4082e07.htm

10. SOIL WATER RELATIONS ABSORPTION OF WATER: Water in the soil is mostly and abundantly, under normal conditions, is available in the form of Capillary water.  In the soil the space in between soil particle forms a network of spaces, which normally is filled with water.  The water that is present in such spaces is called capillary water. Sumber: http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/4_PLANT_AND_WATER_RELATIONSHIP.htm

11. SOIL WATER RELATIONS Most of the water is absorbed by the plants is through root hair zone.  The figure shows the pathway of soil water into root system. Sumber: http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/4_PLANT_AND_WATER_RELATIONSHIP.htm

12. SOIL WATER RELATIONS Availability of Water in the Soil Soil is the major source of water for plants. The plants absorb water through root hairs from the soil. The total water content present in the soil is called holard. Out of this, the water which can be absorbed by plants is chresard and remaining is called echard. Diagram Showing Different forms of Soil Water and their Possible Relationship with Soil and Plant Water Status. Sumber: http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/plant-water-relations/availability-water-soil.php

13. SOIL WATER RELATIONS Jadwalirigasi Some irrigation water is stored in the soil to be removed by crops and some is lost by evaporation, runoff, or seepage. The amount of water lost through these processes is affected by irrigation system design and irrigation management. Prudent scheduling minimizes runoff and percolation losses, which in turn usually maximizes irrigation efficiency by reducing energy and water use. (Of course, in situations where not enough water was being applied, proper irrigation scheduling will increase energy and water use.) When water supplies and irrigation equipment are adequate, irrigators tend to overirrigate, believing that applying more water will increase crop yields. Instead, overirrigation can reduce yields because the excess soil moisture often results in plant disease, nutrient leaching, and reduced pesticide effectiveness. In addition, water and energy are wasted. Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-4.html

14. SOIL WATER RELATIONS Jadwalirigasi The quantity of water pumped can often be reduced without reducing yield. Studies have shown that irrigation scheduling using water balance methods (to be discussed later) can save 15 to 35 percent of the water normally pumped without reducing yield. Maximum yield usually does not equate to maximum profit. The optimum economic yield is less than the maximum potential yield. Irrigation scheduling tips presented in popular farm magazines too often aim at achieving maximum yield with too little emphasis on water and energy use effficiencies. An optimum irrigation schedule maximizes profit and optimizes water and energy use. Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-4.html

15. SOIL WATER RELATIONS MENGHUBUNGKAN AIR-TANAH DENGAN CEKAMAN TANAMAN Jumlah air ygharusdiberikanpadasetiapaktivitasirigasitergantungpadasifattanahdanjumlah air-tersedia yang dapatdisimpandalamtanah. Jumlah air-tanahygdiseraptanamansejakirigasiatauhujanterakhirdisebutsebagai “depletion volume”. Irrigation should begin when the crop comes under water stress severe enough to reduce crop yield or quality. The level of stress that will cause a reduction in crop yield or quality depends on the kind of crop and its stage of development; the level varies during the growing season as the crop matures. For example, corn will tolerate more stress without causing a yield reduction when the stress occurs during the vegetative stage as opposed to the pollination stage. Thus, determining when to irrigate is a scheduling decision that should take into account the crop's sensitivity to stress. Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-4.html

16. SOIL WATER RELATIONS The relationship between water distribution in the soil and the concept of irrigation scheduling when 50 percent of the PAW has been depleted. Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-4.html

17. SOIL WATER RELATIONS Determining When to Irrigate There are three ways to decide when to irrigate: measure soil-water estimate soil-water using an accounting approach (the check-book method) measure crop stress. Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-4.html

18. SOIL WATER RELATIONS Irrigation scheduling is simply knowing when to irrigate and how much irrigatzon water to apply. An effective irrigation schedule helps to maximize profit while minimizing water and energy use. The following factors contribute to developing a workable and efficient irrigation schedule: soil properties soil-water relationships type of crop and its sensitivity to drought stress stage of crop development availability of a water supply climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature. Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html

19. SOIL WATER RELATIONS Relationship between plant-available water and water distribution in the soil. Plant-available water, PAW, is the volume of water stored in the soil reservoir that can be used by plants. It is the difference between the volume of water stored when the soil is at field capacity and the volume still remaining when the soil reaches the permanent wilting point (the lower limit) Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html

20. SOIL WATER RELATIONS Most crops will recover overnight from temporary wilting if less than 50 percent of the PAW has been depleted. Therefore, the allowable depletion volume generally recommended in North Carolina is 50 percent (Figure 9). However, the recommended volume may range from 40 percent or less in sandy soils to greater than 60 percent in clayey soils. The allowable depletion is also dependent on the type of crop, its stage of development, and its sensitivity to drought stress. For example, the allowable depletion recommended for some drought-sensitive crops (vegetable crops in particular) is only 20 percent during critical stages of development. Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html

21. SOIL WATER RELATIONS The relationship between water distribution in the soil and the concept of irrigation scheduling when 50 percent of the PAW has been depleted. Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html

22. SOIL WATER RELATIONS . Effective Root Depth Rooting depth is the depth of the soil reservoir that the plant can reach to get PAW. Crop roots do not extract water uniformly from the entire root zone. Thus,the effective root depth is that portion of the root zone where the crop extracts the majority of its water. Effective root depth is determined by both crop and soil properties.Plant Influence on Effective Root Depth. Different species of plants have different potential rooting depths. The potential rooting depth is the maximum rooting depth of a crop when grown in a moist soil with no barriers or restrictions that inhibit root elongation. Potential rooting depths of most agricultural crops important in North Carolina range from about 2 to 5 feet. For example, the potential rooting depth of corn is about 4 feet. Water uptake by a specific crop is closely related to its root distribution in the soil. About 70 percent of a plant's roots are found in the upper half of the crop's maximum rooting depth. Deeper roots can extract moisture to keep the plant alive, but they do not extract suffficient water to maintain optimum growth. When adequate moisture is present, water uptake by the crop is about the same as its root distribution. Thus, about 70 percent of the water used by the crop comes from the upper half of the root zone (Figure 10). This zone is the effective root depth. Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html

23. SOIL WATER RELATIONS The amount of water extracted by plants is influenced by the distribution of the root in the soil. Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html

24. SOIL WATER RELATIONS . Root zone soil water extraction and plant root development patterns. Sumber: http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=1004

25. SOIL PERMEABILITY Permeabilitastanahmerupakansifattanahuntukdapatmerembeskan air danudara , dansifatinisangatpentingdalamkaitannyadengan IRRIGATION. Banyakfaktormempengaruhipermeabilitastanah. Sometimes they are extremely localized, such as cracks and holes, and it is difficult to calculate representative values of permeability from actual measurements. Observations on soil texture, structure, consistency, colour/mottling, layering, visible pores and depth to impermeable layers such as bedrock and claypan* form the basis for deciding if permeability measurements are likely to be representative. Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6706e/x6706e09.htm

26. SOIL PERMEABILITY Soil permeability relates to soil texture and structure The size of the soil pores is of great importance with regard to the rate of infiltration (movement of water into the soil) and to the rate of percolation (movement of water through the soil). Pore size and the number of pores closely relate to soil texture and structure, and also influence soil permeability. Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6706e/x6706e09.htm

27. SOIL PERMEABILITY Rataanpermeabilitasberbagaiteksturtanah (cm/hour ) Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6706e/x6706e09.htm

28. SOIL PERMEABILITY Strukturtanahsangatememodifikasilajupermeabilitas: Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6706e/x6706e09.htm

29. SOIL PERMEABILITY Soil permeability classes Permeability is commonly measured in terms of the rate of water flow through the soil in a given period of time. It is usually expressed either as a permeability rate in centimetres per hour (cm/h), millimetres per hour (mm/h), or centimetres per day (cm/d), or as a coefficient of permeability k in metres per second (m/s) or in centimetres per second (cm/s). Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6706e/x6706e09.htm

30. SOIL PERMEABILITY KelasPermeabilitas Tanah untukPertaniandanKonservasi Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6706e/x6706e09.htm

31. SOIL PERMEABILITY Permeability also varies with soil texture and structure. Permeability is generally rated from very rapid to very slow. This is the mechanism by which water reaches the subsoil and rooting zone of plants. It also refers to the movement of water below the root zone. Water that percolates deep in the soil may reach a perched water table or groundwater aquifer. Sumber: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447039&topicorder=10&maxto=10

32. SOIL PERMEABILITY Infiltration and permeability describe the manner by which water moves into and through soil. Water held in a soil is described by the term water content. Water content can be quantified on both a gravimetric (g water/g soil) and volumetric (ml water/ml soil) basis. The volumetric expression of water content is used most often. Since 1 gram of water is equal to 1 milliliter of water, we can easily determine the weight of water and immediately know its volume. The following discussion will consider water content on a volumetric basis. Sumber: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447039&topicorder=10&maxto=10

33. SOIL PERMEABILITY Water holding capacity designates the ability of a soil to hold water. It is useful information for irrigation scheduling, crop selection, groundwater contamination considerations, estimating runoff and determining when plants will become stressed. Water holding capacity varies by soil texture . Sumber: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447039&topicorder=10&maxto=10

34. SOIL WHC Medium textured soils (fine sandy loam, silt loam and silty clay loam) have the highest water holding capacity, while coarse soils (sand, loamy sand and sandy loam) have the lowest water holding capacity. Medium textured soils with a blend of silt, clay and sand particles and good aggregation provide a large number of pores that hold water against gravity. Coarse soils are dominated by sand and have very little silt and clay. Because of this, there is little aggregation and few small pores that will hold water against gravity. Fine textured clayey soils have a lot of small pores that hold much water against gravity. Water is held very tightly in the small pores making it difficult for plants to adsorb it. Sumber: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447039&topicorder=10&maxto=10

35. SOIL PERMEABILITY Since soil texture varies by depth, so does water holding capacity. A soil may have a clayey surface with a silty B horizon and a sandy C horizon. To determine water holding capacity for the soil profile, the depth of each horizon is multiplied by the available water for that soil texture, and then the values for the different horizons are added together. Calculation of water holding capacity for a soil profile: Sumber: http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447039&topicorder=10&maxto=10

36. SOIL DRAINAGE Well-drained soils also are preferred for many nonagricultural uses. Home sites and housing developments should be located in well-drained soils, especially if basements are to remain dry and septic systems are to function efficiently. One of the best indicators of drainage class is soil color. The more redoximorphic features (mottling due to wetness) and gray in the subsoil, the poorer the soil drainage, the longer and higher the water tables stand in a soil profile, the more intense is the mottling and the higher it occurs within the profile. Soil scientists recognize six drainage classes in the field. Figure 23 shows the relationship between topography or position on the landscape and the resulting soil drainage. The water table, as indicated on the figure, is shown as it might appear during wet seasons.   Sumber: http://faculty.msmary.edu/envirothon/current/guide/soil_structure.htm

37. Kelas drainage danlokasinyapadalandskap Maryland. Sumber: http://faculty.msmary.edu/envirothon/current/guide/soil_structure.htm

38. SOIL DRAINAGE DRAINAGE BERLEBIHAN Water is removed from the soil very rapidly because of either coarse textures (such as sand and loamy sand) or shallow, porous profiles on steep slopes. Excessively drained soils are suited poorly to agriculture unless irrigation is practiced. No drainage mottles occur in these soils. DRAINAGE BAIK. Aerasitanahnyabagus. Subsoil colors are bright and the profile lacks redoximorphic features above 1 m (40 in.). Brown, yellowish brown and reddish brown colors are common. Sumber: http://faculty.msmary.edu/envirothon/current/guide/soil_structure.htm

39. SOIL DRAINAGE DRAINAGE CUKUP BAIK In these soils, redoximorphic features are present above 1 m (40 in.) indicating that saturated conditions or water tables occur above this depth at various times during the year. Mottles are restricted to the 0.5 to 1 m (20 to 40 in.) zone for classification in this category. These soils may retard crop growth in wet years, but crops may do very well during drought periods. Artificial drainage may be beneficial during wet periods. Septic systems may experience periodic failure during saturated conditions. Sumber: http://faculty.msmary.edu/envirothon/current/guide/soil_structure.htm

40. SOIL DRAINAGE DRAINAGE AGAK BURUK Redoximorphic features occur within the 10 to 20 in. zone, indicating prolonged periods of saturation or high water tables. Gangguanataukegagalantanamanygserusdapatterjadiselamatahun-tahunbasah. Kalauridakada drainage buatan, produksitanamanterhambatdansistemseptikbiasanyagagal. Sumber: http://faculty.msmary.edu/envirothon/current/guide/soil_structure.htm

41. SOIL DRAINAGE Poorly drained. These soils have dark surface horizons and gray subsoils with redoximorphic features occurring above 25 cm (10 in.). They have high water tables or are ponded for long periods or both. These soils usually occupy level areas or footslope positions and are productive only if they are artificially drained. Development of these soils for home sites should be avoided.  Sumber: http://faculty.msmary.edu/envirothon/current/guide/soil_structure.htm

42. SOIL DRAINAGE DRAINAGE SANGAT BURUK Water is removed so slowly that the water table remains at or on the surface much of the year. These soils usually occupy low-lying and concave or depressed positions on the landscape. They normally have very dark or black, thick surface horizons with relatively high organic matter contents. The subsoils usually are gray. These soils can be used for agriculture, but only if intensive drainage is practiced.  Sumber: http://faculty.msmary.edu/envirothon/current/guide/soil_structure.htm

43. SOIL DRAINAGE The soil drainage class and some characteristic features associated with each class are depicted in the following figure (from Soil Survey). One characteristic feature in the figure is the depth of rooting that typically occurs in each drainage class, providing there are no other restrictions (i.e., compacted layer) to root penetration. Deeper rooting depths are associated with well drained soils, because the depth of the water table below the surface is not restricting root growth and oxygen exchange. Sumber: http://nrcca.cals.cornell.edu/soil/CA3/

44. SOIL DRAINAGE Although not all plant species respond the same, for most common agricultural crops, a deeper and healthy root environment translates into higher biomass productivity. Studies in New York have shown 2 to 3 fold yield increases in corn and forage production on well drained soils as compared to those grown on somewhat poorly to poorly drained soils. Sumber: http://nrcca.cals.cornell.edu/soil/CA3/

45. LAHAN IRIGASI Sumber:

46. EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK IRIGASI The different land characteristics that influence the soil suitability for irrigation are rated and a capability index for irrigation (Ci) is calculated according to the formula: Ci = A/100 * B/100 * C/100 * D/100 * E/100 * F/100 dimana: Ci: Indekskapabilitasuntukirigasi; A: nilaiteksturtanah; B: nilaikedalamantanah; C: nilai status CaCO3 ; D: nilaisalinitas/alkalinitas; E: nilai drainage dan F: nilai slope. Kelaskapabilitasdidefinisikanmenurutnilaiindekskapabilitasnya (ataukesesuaian) (Ci) (Table 28). Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

47. EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK IRIGASI Table 28 - Capability indexes for the different capability classes Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

48. EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK IRIGASI For slope class, texture, soil depth, calcium carbonate status, salinity and alkalinity, drainage, a weighted average was calculated for the upper 100cm of the soil profile then the considered factors were rated according to Table 29-Table 34. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

49. EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK IRIGASI Table 29 - Rating of slopes (after Sys et al., 1991) Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

50. EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK IRIGASI Table 30 - Rating of textural classes for irrigation (after Sys et al., 1991) Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm