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Testing and Individual Differences

Testing and Individual Differences. Karla Fajardo Period 6. Standardization and Norms. Need to know what the scores mean on a test that measures psychological characteristics, so tests are standardized.

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Testing and Individual Differences

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  1. Testing and Individual Differences Karla Fajardo Period 6

  2. Standardization and Norms • Need to know what the scores mean on a test that measures psychological characteristics, so tests are standardized. • Administered to a standardization sample, a group of people who represent the entire population. • Data compared against norms

  3. Reliability • Reliability- a measure of how consistent a test is in the measurements it provides • Methods of measuring reliability : -testerest method ( giving the same test to an individual more than once on different occasions) -split half ( when one group takes half and the other takes the other half of a test)

  4. Validity • Validity- refers to the extent that a test measures what it intends to measure • Calculated by comparing how well the results from a test correlate with other measures that asses what the test is supposed to predict • Types of Validity - Predictive (indicates there is a correlation between the test and future performance) • Content Validity ( measures the degree to which the material is balanced on the test) • Construct Validity ( true validity, the degree to which the test indeed measures what it is supposed to test)

  5. Types Of Tests • Can be projective tests ( ambiguous stimuli open to interpretation and presented) or Inventory-type (parts answer a standard series of questions) • Popular projective tests: -Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Appreciation Test ( TAT) • Other Tests: -Power -Speed -Achievement -Aptitude

  6. Intelligence • Goal Oriented adaptive thinking • Difficult to measure on a standardized test • Psychologists measure IQ (intelligence quotient) – computed on the basis of the extent to which a person’s score is above or below avg. • Common tests for children Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale and Wechsler Intelligence scale for children (also available for adults) • Psychologists like Howard Gardner accept the idea of Multiple intelligences. • Verbal and mathematical are traditionally measured by IQ tests. But there is also musical, spatial, environmental, people perceptive and personally insightful.

  7. Heredity/ Environment and Intelligence • Heritability coefficient – one way to measure the influence of heritage on IQ. • Intelligence can be made up of half the environment and half of heredity

  8. Human Diversity • An IQ higher than 135 is considered to be “gifted” • \Mental retardation refers to low levels of intelligence and adaptive behavior • Profound retardation is characterized as having an IQ lower than 25

  9. Ethics in Testing • Psychometrics- psychological testing • Confidentiality must be protected • Purpose of test must be clear to everyone taking and giving it • The test taker can ask and should be answered the question of who will review the scores and how they will be used • Impacts of scores should be ascertained before the test is given

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