Understanding Endoparasites in Veterinary Medicine

1. Details of…Endoparasites Laboratory Procedures

2. Remember Endoparasites?

3. Major Classes of Endoparasites • Helminths • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • Unicellular Organisms • ______________________ • ______________________

4. Nematodes • In general are _____________in cross section, longer than they are wide and are _______________________. • Can be in a variety of lengths. (_____________ smaller than ____________________) • Significant cause of disease in dogs and cats • Have varied life cycles

5. Roundworms Medical Name: Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina All three of these are common among dogs and cats. Live in the ____________________ Vary in length from 3 – 18 cm (average ~ 7” in length)

6. Roundworms – cont’d • Methods of transmission: • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________

7. Roundworms – cont’d The eggs of Toxocara spp. can survive on the soil for several years. (Fresh feces are NOT _________________) Eggs are ingested and hatch in ____________, penetrate bowel wall, enter _________bloodstream, wander through the __________and end up in the _____________. They are coughed up and swallowed, molt in _______________and mature in ___________________________. Entire life cycle can take as little as 4-5 weeks.

8. Toxocara canis ova

9. Adult Toxocara canis

11. Toxocara cati

12. Toxascaris leonina

14. Toxocara sp. - Clinical Signs Heavy infections can produce ________________________________, and ______________of the intestinal tract. Pulmonary edema, ___________________, nasal discharge, and _______________ respiratory rates may also be seen. Vomiting, diarrhea, emaciation, dull hair coat and restlessness are also often seen.

15. Toxocara Transmission to Humans • Toxocara larvae can cause: • __________________ larval migrans • __________________ larval migrans • __________________ larval migrans

16. Ocular Larval Migrans

17. Hookworms • Medical name: Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, and Uncinaria stenocephala • Of these, the most commonly seen are: ______________________________

18. Ancylostoma spp. • Seen in over ________% of adult dogs • Live in the ________________________ • Methods of transmission: • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________

19. Ancylostoma spp. Growth and maturation process after ingestion is between ____________days. Female can lay up to 30,000 eggs per day In environment, there are 3 stages: ______, _______________and ___________. (Takes 5 days) __________ stage is _____________stage.

20. Ancylostoma - Migration • Once in new host, some will burrow back into ____________to complete maturity • Others may burrow from __________to _______and mature there. • Ascend up ________, cause ___________and are swallowed. • Worm goes back to ____________ to mature.

21. Ancylostoma ova

22. Adult Ancylostoma caninum

23. Ancylostoma Clinical Signs Major CS are associated with ______ loss and ______ irritation. Weakness, _________, diarrhea, _______ or _________stools, anorexia, depression, and death may also occur. Larvae may wander into other organs causing secondary signs of ___________ and ______________.

24. Ancylostoma Transmission to Humans Infective larvae can penetrate the skin causing ________________________________

25. Whipworms • Medical name: • Trichuris vulpis • Trichuris serrata • Trichuris campanula • Of these, most common is ___________________

26. T. vulpis • Common in _______ and ___________ dogs (not often seen in very young b/c of ____________ period of 70-90 days) • Rare in __________ • Live in _______________(From ____________ through ______________.) • Method of transmission: • Primarily _______________ (direct)

27. T. vulpis Eggs are passed in the ____________ Eggs are ingested by host and hatch in ________________________. Larvae migrate _______________, where they mature.

28. T. vulpis – Clinical Signs • Depend on the ______________ of parasites present, but can include: • Intermittent diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation, anemia, abdominal pain, flatulence, and “_________________________”.

29. Trichuris vulpis ova

30. Trichuris vulpis • Eggs are double _______________. • (Have 2 opercules, have an opercule on each end) • Makes it easier for _______ to hatch from egg • Eggs can live under proper conditions in the soil for up to _______ years.

31. Adult Whipworm

32. Heartworms Medical name: _________________ Vector is _______________ Common in dogs, cats, ________and some __________ Filarid = _________________________ Pseudoheartworm exists that is not pathogenic (________________________________)

33. Dirofilaria v- Acanthocheilonema • Remember that microfilaria are one of the ______________forms of the true and imposter heartworm • Acanthocheilonema are usually _____________ • There are 3 main physical differences between the two microfilaria: • _________________ • _________________ • _________________

34. Dirofilaria v- Acanthocheilonema • Microfilaria of Dirofilaria: • ____________ tail • _____________head • __________________________ movement (no forward mvmt.) • Microfilaria of Acanthocheilonema: • ______________________ tail • ______________ head • _________________ forward movement

35. Dirofilaria immitis

36. Acanthocheilonema reconditum

37. Dirofilaria immitis Named “Heartworm” because it lodges in the ________return of the heart; primarily the ______atria & ventricle. Inhibits the flow of blood to and from the heart. Vector is __________________. Adults can live _______ - _______ years. Prepatent period = ____ months

39. D. Immitis – Clinical Signs • Usually _____________________as disease progresses. • _______________weight loss • Loss of _____________. • Coughing • Accumulation of _____________ fluid • ________________ breathing • __________________temperature • _________________MM

40. D. Immitis - Diagnosis • “SNAP” test • Detects the hormone from the adult ________________worm • Blood smear • Looks for ______________ in the blood • Once diagnosed, disease state is ____________ (___________) from 1-4

41. Classes of Heartworm Disease • Class 1 (Mild)    • Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild loss of condition           • Class 2 (Moderate)  • Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild to moderate loss of condition  • Class 3 (Severe)  • General loss of condition: fatigue with mild activity; occasional or persistent cough  • Class 4 (Very Severe) _____________ Syndrome • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOLzFsNOJ-4&feature=player_embedded

43. “___________” of Caval Syndrome

44. 2010 Heartworm disease cases per reporting clinic

45. Cestodes _____________________ (flea tapeworm) _______________spp. (tapeworm not requiring ____________ as intermediate host.)

46. Dipylidium caninum (Flea tapeworm) Most common tapeworm found in dogs and cats Animal becomes infected by ingesting the _________________________, the flea. Can infect ________________ Indicates presence of _____________ May see ________________ on perianal area or can see _____________________ on fecal flotation. The asexual process of forming segments is termed ________________________.