Dealing with the Aftermath

1. Dealing with the Aftermath • February 1945 • Finally agreement over a United Nations! • "a general international organization to maintain peace and security“ • Blue prints and discussions as early as 41’ • First general meeting Jan 46’

2. What is the United Nations? • Purpose: save future generations from war, reaffirm human rights, and establish equal rights for all persons • 2 main parts: Security Council & General Assembly • Security Council = victors WWII (5 permanent seats) & now 10 rotating seats • Veto power • General Assembly = everyone • Policies & recommendations • Has a President (elected by peers) • *International Court (Hague) • *Social and Economic Council • *Secretariat

3. The Real Aftermath The majority of ports in Europe and many in Asia had been destroyed or badly damaged bridges had been blown up railway locomotives and rolling stock had vanished Great cities such as Warsaw, Kiev, Tokyo and Berlin were piles of rubble and ash. In Germany, it has been estimated, 70% of housing had gone and, in the Soviet Union, 1,700 towns and 70,000 villages. Factories and workshops were in ruins, fields, forests and vineyards ripped to pieces. Millions of acres in north China were flooded after the Japanese destroyed the dykes. Many Europeans were surviving on less than 1,000 calories per day; in the Netherlands they were eating tulip bulbs England and France were pretty destitute & tired

4. The Division of Germany & Berlin What happens to Germany and Berlin? Can you foresee any problems?

5. Heard of any of these events? What do they have in common? Arms race (proliferation of nuclear weapons) Berlin Airlift Conflicts, uprisings & revolutions in the Middle East & Latin America Korean War Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Berlin Wall Soviet Invasion Afghanistan Creation of Taliban in Afghanistan A lot of wars/uprisings in South and Central America

7. What was the Cold War?

8. The Cold War A political, military, technological and ideological rivalry between Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers between 1945-1990, which stopped short of full-scale war between the USSR and USA. Periods of “détente” (decreased tensions) did exist…

9. Origins of the Cold War History of Animosity – Why? Terms Versailles; refusal to recognize USSR; no second front Allies, no loan USSR post WWII; A-bomb fear communism; nonaggression pact; attack Poland; death FDR/Truman presidency Differing (incompatible) governments & economies 1946, “capitalism and communism incompatible”, Stalin Fear and paranoia bc of new technology A-bomb – leads to?

10. Poland

11. After the War…. • Satellite Countries • Soviet controlled; seize their resources to give to USSR • Differing aims in Europe, BUT connected to one another bc of Germany & Berlin! • Self determination versus control (keep Germany down) • “This war is not as in the past; whoever occupies a territory also imposes his own social system on it. Everyone imposes his own system as far as his army can reach. It cannot be otherwise.” Joseph Stalin • Poland a huge flash point (elections per Yalta Conference)

13. END

15. The Beginning of the Cold War: Truman USA George Kennan • 46’ Long Telegram, Soviets want world domination • 47’ Containment • Contain communism/stop spread by creating alliances • March 47’ - “Truman Doctrine” • US supports “free people” from armed minorities or outside pressure – 47-50 $400 million Greece/Turkey • Churchill, “Iron Curtain”

17. The Beginning of the Cold War: Truman • Post-War Europe - Economic despair, theft, refugee camps, and bad weather USA Reaction • 1947, General George Marshall (S of S), The Marshall Plan, approved in 1948 • Make Germany self-sufficient • Give aid to countries in need • Remove trade barriers and cooperate economically **47’ England and France unite their sections = Bizonia (49’ Trizonia)

19. Economic recovery

21. Why was the Marshall Plan significant? How do you think Stalin reacted? Stalin’s reaction • America trying to “buy” European countries and their support • “dollar imperialism”

22. Division of Germany & Berlin

23. So far, how would you describe the Cold War?

24. Berlin “If we withdraw,” said the American military commander, “our position in Europe is threatened, and Communism will run rampant.” • 48’ Allied Powers create Trizonia • Deutschmark other reforms • Soviets refused reforms (currency) • 1st – forced searches all shipments • 2nd – cut out all surface traffic (June 1948) • Shipments by rail and highway stopped • 2 million Berliners were starving – 5 weeks • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GoIL9gVonQ • What do the Soviets want? • Wanted westerners out of Berlin • What could this lead to?

26. Western Reaction to Berlin • Airlift even possible, need 3,475 tons/day…? • Stalin’s Reaction…? • Airlift of food and supplies for 327 days! • 200,000 flights – 13 million tons food, fuel & other supplies • WWII bombers • Even candy parachuted down!! • May 12, 1949 Russia ended blockade of Berlin • Airlift until September 49’

28. Why does the blockade & airlift matter? Germany now our friend Solve an issue without firing a shot! Western unity & resolve Humanitarian event/West looks good Improvements to aircraft system Western Defensive Military Alliance - NATO

29. What are the impacts of the airlift? • NATO, April 4, 1949 - 10 western countries • The Parties of NATO agreed that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense will assist the Party or Parties being attacked, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. • Britain, France, Italy, Netherland, Belgium, Canada, Iceland, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, USA • defensive military alliance – mutual defense • First peace time alliance Propaganda War Begins…

30. Who is winning? 1949 China becomes Communist 1949: USSR explodes an A-Bomb 1945-1951: People under Soviet control increased from 180 million to 800 million people

31. How did the Cold War escalate during Truman’s administration and Stalin’s reign?

32. Will things change? • Eisenhower = elected in 52’ • Wanted to reduce military spending (had quadrupled under Truman) • Khrushchev = 53’ replaced Stalin • Relations thawed briefly • Started a policy of “De-Stalinization” • Denounced Stalin’s purges & said era would be less repressive

33. Do things change? • 1955: Warsaw Pact • The Eastern Europe equivalent of NATO, headed by SU • 1955 – conflict over Egypt and Suez Canal • Eisenhower Doctrine – US defend Middle East against communist attack • Gave President discretion to use military at will • Period of détente THEN • U-2 flights – spying missions – 56’ • Gary Powers – 60’