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Exploring Gender Constructs: Biological and Cultural Dimensions

This chapter delves into the complexities of gender, examining the biological differences between sexes and the cultural constructions of masculine and feminine identities. It discusses alternative gender roles, such as Xanith in Oman, Two-Spirit in Native North America, and Hijra in India, highlighting the fluidity of gender beyond binary definitions. The chapter also addresses the challenges of masculinity, the concept of machismo, gender roles, and hierarchies, and the private/public dichotomy that influences societal expectations and distributions of power.

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Exploring Gender Constructs: Biological and Cultural Dimensions

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  1. Chapter 11, Gender Key Terms

  2. SexThe biological differences between male and female. GenderThe social classification of masculine and feminine.

  3. AndrocentricMale-centered. Cultural construction of gender The idea that gender characteristics are not inborn but rather constructed within each culture.

  4. XanithAn alternative gender role of Oman on the Saudi Arabian peninsula. Two-spirit roleAlternative gender role in native North America.

  5. Maju Alternative gender role of Tahiti. • HijraAn alternative gender role in India conceptualized as neither man nor woman.

  6. Manhood puzzle The question of why in almost all cultures masculinity is viewed not as a natural state but as a problematic status to be won through overcoming obstacles. MachismoA cultural construction of hypermasculinity as essential to the male gender role.

  7. Gender roleThe cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including the division of labor. Gender hierarchy The ways gendered activities and attributes are related to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society.

  8. Private/public dichotomyGender system in which women’s status is lowered by their cultural identification with the home and children, while men are identified with public, prestigious economic and political roles.

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